Transcript File

The Making of a Revolution
1754-1783
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Preludes to a Revolution
The French and Indian War, 1754–1763.
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reserved.
The French and Indian War, 1754–1763
• The war changed the landscape of North America.
• After the British victory, France ceded Canada and the land east of the
Mississippi River to the British.
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North America Before and After the French
and Indian War
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Causes:
• Europe 1740: Great Britain attacks French and Austrians the British
capture Nova Scotia.
• The British Drama Spills over into North America
• British & Iroquois vs. French & Huron
• The British decide they want to expand their power westward
• The French build Ft. Duquesne basically deep into British territory
Milestones: Albany Plan of Union
• Albany Plan of Union: Beginning of the American Republic in 1754.
• A meeting of colonists & Indians to plan the war
• 1st time the colonists meet without the presence of the British Crown
• Plan to elect a Grand Council Elected by the colonies to make decisions
• Plan a defense system for the colonies
• Plan a slef imposted tax system to raise money
• They sent their plan to the colonial assemply & to Great Britian
• They BOTH shot down the plan
• Even though it was a failure it is the IDEA that they are meeting
• It’s the IDEA or the CONCEPT that they could meet without the crown
Milestones continued
• Washington gets his butt kicked trying to capture Ft. Duquesne
• William Pitt British secretary of state during the French and Indian War and
later served as Prime Minister of Great Britain. Named secretary of state in
1757, Pitt resolved to commit whatever resources were necessary to defeat
the French in North America and on the European continent.
• Under Pitt the British again attack and defeat the French and take Ft.
Duquesne.
• The Battle of Quebec happens in 1759
• 1763 Paris Peace Settlement  basically gives North America to the British
Effects:
• Colonists realize the British AREN’T AWESOME
• Indian treatment & resentment
• Proclamation 1763
• British Raise Taxes
BIG IDEA!
• Conception of the Republic
• WE COULD BE INDEPENDEDT
• WE COULD UNITE
• WE COULD BE SEPARATE
The Proclamation Line of 1763
• In October 1763, the
king issued a
proclamation that there
should be no British
settlement west of the
crest of the Appalachian
Mountains and that
Indian rights to western
lands would be
protected forever.
• The line infuriated the
British colonists.
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Pontiac and Indian Responses
• 1763 – Pontiac’s Rebellion: Pontiac and his
followers attacked British forts across the region.
• Eight forts were destroyed, and hundreds of colonists
were killed or captured, with many more fleeing the
region.
• Hostilities came to an end after British
Army expeditions in 1764 led to peace negotiations
over the next two years.
• In July 1766 Pontiac signed a treaty of peace.
• Native Americans were unable to drive away the
British, but the uprising prompted the British
government to modify the policies that had
provoked the conflict.
• **The Rebellion was a reflection of a growing
divide between the separate populations of the
British colonists and Native Americans
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The Paxton Boys and Rural White Responses
• The Paxton Boys decided to eliminate Indians.
• In December 1763, the Paxton Boys attacked a Delaware village, killed
six people, and burned the town.
• Hatred of Indians would haunt the inhabitants of North America for a
long time to come.
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Threats of New Taxes
• Victory in the war had virtually
drained the kingdom’s treasury.
• In 1764, George Grenville and the
majority in Parliament asked
Britain’s North American
colonists to pay what the
authorities in London thought
was a fair share of the war’s cost.
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“The Revolution Was in the Minds of the
People”
• According to John Adams, “The Revolution was in the minds of the
people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, fifteen years before
a drop of blood was shed at Lexington.”
• The revolutionary change took place for many reasons.
ANTI-REVOLUTION:
• Loyalists
• African Slaves
• Native Americans
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Transition from the “Rights of Man” to Revolt
• Throughout the 1770s, Locke’s ideas guided some of
the Revolution’s most articulate advocates
• Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin.
• They also believed in the need to overthrow unjust
authorities.
• Republicanism: A complex, changing body of ideas
values, and assumptions that held that selfgovernment by the citizens of a country or their
representatives provided a more reliable foundation
for the good society and individual freedom than
ruled by kings or any other distant elite.
• “America has set the example and France has
followed it, of charters of power granted by liberty.”
– James Madison
•
•
•
•
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Multiple revolutions are happening around the world:
French Revolution 1789 – 1799
Haitian Revolution 1791
Latin American Revolutions 1810 - 1826
The Accompanying Revolution in Religion
• 1740 - Gilbert Tennant challenged the leaders of all Protestant
denominations to judge their ministers.
• He was calling out to congregations that were not “pro-awakening” to
challenge their ministers
• It was not a great leap to challenge civil authority as well.
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Seaport Radicalism—From the Stamp Act to
the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party
• British actions in the 1760s & 1770s escalated tensions in North American cities.
• The gov’t needed to pay off the debt from the F&I war, and with each attempt the
resistance grew
•
•
•
•
1764 – Sugar Act
1765 – The Stamp Act (SON’S OF LIBERTY: formed an underground resistance to the acts)
1767 – Townshend duties
1773 – Tea Act
• Colonists saw each tax and act and an attack on their civil liberties.
• March 5th 1770 – Boston Massacre (3 died)
• 1773 – Boston Tea Party (probably the most famous act of resistance)
• Daughters of Liberty: Women’s response to the Sons of liberty, they opposed
British measures, avoided British taxed tea, spun their own yarn and wove their
own cloth to avoid purchasing British goods.
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Revolts in the Back Country
• Rural people on the frontier from New York to the
Carolinas were also taking matters into their own
hands, but for different reasons.
• They called themselves The Regulators
• They violently opposed movements by the government to
implement courts and offices attempting to force and
punish people who didn’t pay taxes
• Throughout the colonies the most contentious issue
for inland communities was relationships with
Indian tribes.
• The ever increasing population of whites that demanded
more land and encroached onto Indian territory increased
attacks by Indians.
• Colonists
wanted
more
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Education,
Inc.land than the 1763 Proclamation
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reserved.
Line
allowed.
Growing Unity in the Colonies—The First
Continental Congress
• The colonies joined together in united action
against British Tyranny
• 1774 – Philadelphia, First Continental Congress:
meeting of delegates from most of the colonies
held in Philadelphia in 1774 in response to the
British efforts to tax the colonies.
• All colonies, except Georgia, sent
representatives.
• At the time, few were ready to break with
Britain, finding common ground wasn’t easy.
• Agreements:
•
•
•
•
•
Their natural rights should not be infringed upon
Ban on British imports
A ban on exports
A ban on the consumption of tea (symbolic)
Meet again in May 1775 if relations with Britain
didn’t improve
Talk of Freedom for Slaves
• Somerset Decision: 1772 ruling by Britain’s Lord Chief Justice in the case of James
Somerset that set him free and essentially declared slavery illegal in England,
though not in British colonies.
• The Somerset decision caused a considerable stir in the colonies and in Britain.
• Whites on both sides of the Atlantic noted the absurdity of colonists protesting
their own perceived enslavement by Parliament while those same colonists
enslaved Africans.
• “thousands of tens of thousands of their fellow creatures!”
• Quakers
made it mandatory for members of their denomination to free their
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reserved. them to purchase their freedom
slaves
or allow
The War For Independence
• British Courts and Troops Stationed in the Colonies as the Revolution
Began
Patriots (Colonists who fought for
independence from Great Britain)
Loyalists (Colonists who remained
loyal to Great Britain during the
Revolution)
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From Lexington and Concord to Bunker Hill—
Revolt Becomes War
• April 1775 – Battles of Lexington and Concord
• June 1775 - Battle of Bunker Hill
• After that battle, however, the American forces became better
organized and gained support from all 13 colonies.
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African-Americans in the Armies of Both Sides
• The outbreak of war opened a new avenue to freedom for American
slaves.
• Some heard the rumor that the British intended to help of free the
African’s
• In Winter 1777-78, Washington finally embraced black volunteers.
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Moving Toward Independence
• May 1775 – Second Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia
• Delegates from the thirteen colonies met in Philadelphia to create a
Continental army and prepare the colonies for war against Britain.
• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense: Common Sense was a pamphlet that attacked the
British monarchy and provided a rationale for American independence from
Britain. It was written in plain terms that all Colonial Americans could understand.
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Declaring Independence, 1776
• Thomas Jefferson writes the first draft of The Declaration of
Independence
• On July 4, 1776, Congress adopted it.
• 1777- Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation.
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George Washington and His Victorious
Patchwork Army
• Washington understood that though his army could fight, they could
not withstand a direct battle with British regulars.
• For much of the war, his goal was not a decisive victory, but avoiding a
decisive loss.
• He knew the British would tire of war.
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Two Significant Battles
• Battle of Saratoga (New York), 1777
• at attempt by the British to cut New
England and the South off from one
another by seizing control of New York
• the victory by the Continental Army
convinced the French to join the war on
the side of the colonists
• Battle of Yorktown (Virginia), 1781
• combined French and Continental
troops force the surrender of General
Cornwallis and the British
• the last major battle of the American
Revolution
• Colonial American victory forced the
British to start negotiating a treaty to
bring the war to an end
Treaty of Paris, 1783
• the treaty officially ended the Revolution and
recognized the United States as a free,
sovereign, and independent nation
• Terms of the Treaty
• The Great Lakes served as the northern border of
the United States
• The Mississippi River served as the western border
of the United States
• Spain retained control of Florida (obvious problems
later)
• Britain retained control of Canada (obvious
problems later)
• the United States agreed to treat the loyalists fairly
in the post war years
• the British agreed to remove all troops from United
States territory
Major Battles of the American Revolution.
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VIDEOS
• F&I War: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ktkw7iSITkc
• CC:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eytc9ZaNWyc&list=PL8dPuuaLjX
tMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s&index=6
• School House Rock: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9pDZMRCpQ