Transcript Presidents, Amendments, and Supreme Court Cases

PRESIDENTS, AMENDMENTS,
SUPREME COURT CASES OH
MY…
APUSH Exam Review
APUSH
Mrs. Baker
The President’s
Federalist
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Commanded the Continental army during the American Revolution
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President of the Constitutional Convention
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Set precedents that were followed by other President’s
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Forming a cabinet
Strengthened new government through support of Hamilton’s
financial policies and the use of force against the Whiskey
Rebellion
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Kept peace through Proclamation of Neutrality and Jay Treaty
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Set basis of U.S. foreign policy in his Farewell Address
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
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Assumption


National government would pay off the war debts from the American
Revolution
Excise Tax

Tax placed on whiskey

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Protective Tariff
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Protective tariff to be used to protect the young industries of the United States


Raise revenue for the US
Congress rejected
National Bank

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Wanted Congress to create a national bank
Help the government in financial dealings

Highly controversial
Political Parties
Federalists
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Led by Alexander Hamilton, John
Adams
Wealthy and well-educated should
lead the nation
Strong central government
Emphasis on manufacturing,
shipping, and trade
Loose interpretation of Constitution
Pro-British
Favored national bank
Favored protective tariff
Democrat-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, James
Madison

People should have political power
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Strong state governments
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Emphasis on agriculture
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Strict interpretation of Constitution
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Pro-French
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Opposed national bank
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Opposed protective tariff
Federalist

American Revolution leader who protested Stamp
Act

Helped draft Declaration of Independence

President during times of war in Europe

Alien and Sedition Acts contributed to his
unpopularity and the fall of his party
Democrat - Republican
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Major author of the Declaration of Independence
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Opposed Federalists
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Favored limited, decentralized government
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Opposed Hamilton’s financial plan and the Alien and
Sedition Acts
Approved the Louisiana Purchase from France

Doubled the size of the nation
Democrat - Republican

Called the Father of the Constitution
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One author of the Virginia Plan
 Journals
provided record of events at the Constitutional
Convention
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Wrote 29 of the Federalist Papers
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Proposed the Bill of Rights to Congress
War of 1812
Causes
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British impressment of US
ships and sailors into
British army
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Violation of freedom of
seas
British support of Native
Americans in western
territories
Desire of “war hawks” to
taste the glory of war
Effects
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Reinforced neutrality
Native Americans in west
lost ally
American manufacturing
grew
Weakening of Federalist
Party
Creation of the “Star
Spangled Banner”
Democrat-Republican
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Established US foreign policy in the Western
Hemisphere with the Monroe Doctrine
Settled boundaries with Canada (1818)
 Rush-Bagot
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Treaty
Acquired Florida (1819) from Spain
 Adams-Onis
Treaty
Democrat-Republican
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Became president after election was decided in the
House of Representatives
Secretary of State under James Monroe
After leaving office as president, served in House
of Representatives
 Only
president to do so
Democrat
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Hero in the Battle of New Orleans
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War of 1812
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Opposed Calhoun and nullification
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Vetoed rechartering of Second National Bank
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Supported Native American removal policy
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Associated with mass politics and nominating convention
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Used spoils system
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Provided jobs to loyal supporters
Democrat
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First New Yorker to become president
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Served as vice president to Jackson
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Opposed Texas annexation because slavery issue divided his
party
Presidency weakened by economic crisis of the Panic of 1837
Had major role in creating the Democratic Party from the
Democratic-Republicans and the nation’s second party system
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Democrats v. Whigs
Whig
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While governor of Indiana Territory, led military
actions against Native Americans in the Battle of
Tippecanoe (1811)
Elected as first Whig candidate on the slogan
“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”
First president to die in office
 Severed
only a month
Whig
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First vice president to come into presidency after
death of president
 Known
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as “His Accidency”
Texas annexed by congressional vote largely
because of his influence
His pro South and pro states rights positions resulted
in his expulsion from the Whig Party by its pro
nationalism leaders.
Democrat
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Foreign policy aimed at fulfilling goal of Manifest Destiny
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With slogan “54’ 40 or fight!” campaigned for all of Oregon country
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Settled for Oregon Treaty (1846) with Great Britain
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Dividing along the 49th parallel
Supported Tyler’s annexation of Texas and favored acquisition of
California
Led nation in the Mexican War, 1846 – 1848
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave the United States the Mexican
Cession, which included California
Whig
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West Point graduate and military hero of Mexican
War, known as “Old Rough and Ready”
A Virginian, a slave owner, and a nationalist
 Opposed
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secession
Died in office after 16 months of being president
Whig
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Became president because of Tyler’s death
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Negotiated passage of the Compromise of 1850
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Supported enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law
and opposed secessionists
Democrat
Democrat
Causes of the Civil War
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The Compromise of 1850
 1st attempt to resolve the issue of the expansion of slavery into new territories
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
 Used popular sovereignty to solve the issue of slavery in the territories
 Led to violence in Kansas
Republican Party
 Opposed the spread of slavery
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Sectional political party
Dred Scott v. Sanford
 Slaves are not citizens and cannot sue for freedom
John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry
 John Brown attempts to start a slave revolt in the South
Election of 1860
 Lincoln wins with only Northern and Western votes
Republican
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Became nationally known as result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates in
1858
First Republican to be elected President
Used war powers of the presidency during the Civil War to achieve his
goal of:
Gave Gettysburg Address & issued the Emancipation Proclamation
Assassinated before he could act on his plans of reconstruction
Democrat
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Only Southern Democratic politician who did not
secede from the Union
Impeached by House after bitter disagreement with
Congress over Reconstruction
 Acquitted
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by one vote
13th and 14th Amendments ratified during his
presidency
Republican
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Civil War military leader who served as supreme
commander of the Union army
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Transcontinental railroad completed
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15th amendment ratified
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Credit Mobilier and Whiskey Ring scandals marked
his presidency
Republican
Republican
Republican
Democrat
Republican
Republican
Republican
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Progressive governor of New York (1899 – 1900)
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Presidential programs called the Square Deal
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Known as a trustbuster, conservationist, reformer, and
nationalist
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Used the power of presidency to regulate economic
affairs of nation and to expand its role in Asia and
Caribbean
Issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
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“Big Stick Policy”
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“Vietnamization” policy and increased bombing
followed by a 1973 cease-fire in Vietnam
Relaxed relations with USSR and the People’s
Republic of China
Resigned as President because of the Watergate
Scandal

Only President not to be elected by the American
people
 Appointed
as Vice President under Nixon
 Succeeded to the presidency after Nixon’s resignation
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Pardoned Nixon for which he was both criticized
and praised
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Domestic problems included inflation and oil shortage
Supported international human rights and Panama
Canal treaties
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Opposed the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
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Greatest success was the Camp David Accords
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Led to peace between Egypt and Israel
Republican
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Conservative viewpoint on abortion and school prayer
Based his supply-side economic policy on the belied that the government can
destroy individual initiative
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Reaganomics
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Presidency marked by huge trade and federal budget deficits
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Arms control agreement signed with the USSR in 1985, 1986, and 1987
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Foreign policy focused on keeping communism out of Latin America
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Popularity damaged and foreign policy weakened after Iran-Contra Affair
Republican
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Inherited budget deficits, saving and loans scandals,
and legacy of Iran-Contra Affair from Reagan
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In office when cold war ended
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Led the US into the Persian Gulf War
Democrat
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Domestic policies centered on health care and social
security reform & national deficit reduction
Secured approval for NAFTA
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North American Free Trade Agreement
Participated in war against Iraq and Serbia
Impeached by the House of Representatives in 1998 on
charges of perjury and obstruction of justice
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Acquitted by Senate
Domestic Issues
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Health Care Reform
 1993, Clinton presented to Congress a health-care reform plan that
would ensure health insurance for all Americans.

Critics – plan to expensive, complex and would limit choice in health care in
US
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Social Security
 Determined the program would run into trouble because of changing
demographics

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Rejected in 1994
Increasing life spans and aging baby boomer generation
Supreme Court Appointee
 Ruth Bader Ginsburg
 Stephen Breyer
1994 Congressional Elections
 Republicans took majority for first time in 40 years
Economic Prosperity
 1990s = longest period of economic growth in US history
Scandal and Impeachment
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Whitewater Affair
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Clinton and his wife, Hilary Rodham Clinton, accused of
involvement with an illegal real estate scheme in Arkansas
 Never formally charged
1998, special prosecutor accused Clinton of several offenses
including:

Lying under oath about his relationship with a White House intern.
 Dec. 19, 1998, the House impeached Clinton on charges of
perjury and obstruction of justice.

Senate acquitted Clinton two months later
Republican
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Took office after Election of 200
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Dispute over ballot recounts in Florida
Ended by the Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore
Conservative president
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Tax cuts, education reform, new energy policies, and a missile defense
plan
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September 11, 2001attacks
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Declared war on international terrorism and ordered U.S. forces
into Afghanistan to defeat Taliban and al Qaeda extremists.
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Led the US into a war against Iraq to end the dictatorship of
Saddam Hussein
Election of 2000
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Democrat = Vice President Al Gore
Republican = George W. Bush
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Controversy:
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Texas Governor
Florida = key state
 Voting so close – recount was ordered by law
Election ended when the Supreme Court ruled to discontinue the
recounts.
Gore won the popular vote but Bush won the electoral vote.
Election marked the first time the Supreme Court intervened
in a presidential election
The Amendments of the U.S. Constitution
The Bill of Rights
Amendment
Subject
1st
Guarantees freedom of religion, of speech, and of the press, the right assemble
peacefully, and the right to petition the government.
2nd
Right to bear arms
3rd
No quartering of troops
4th
No unreasonable search and seizure
5th
Protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy; guarantees due process
of law
The Bill of Rights Continued…
6th
Guarantees right to a speedy, public trial, to confront witnesses, and to legal
counsel
7th
Guarantees right to trial by jury in most civil cases
8th
Prohibit excessive bail, fines, and “cruel and unusual” punishments
9th
Declares the rights not mentioned in the Constitution belong to the people
10th
Declares that the powers not given to the national government belong to the states
or to the people
Amendment
Subject
11th
Grants States immunity from certain lawsuits
12th
Separated voting for President and Vice President
13th
Abolishes slavery
14th
Defines citizenship
15th
Granted voting rights for African American men
16th
Congress power to tax income
17th
Requires the election of Senators by the people of the state, not the legislature
18th
Prohibition
19th
Voting rights for women
20th
Shortens time between election of a president and inauguration
21st
Repeals 18th Amendment
22nd
Limits presidency to 2 terms
23rd
Grants electoral votes and right to vote in presidential elections for D.C.
24th
Abolishes poll taxes
25th
Set procedure for determining presidential disability and succession
26th
Lowers voting age to 18
27th
Bans mid-term congressional pay raises
Supreme Court Cases
The Marshall Court…
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Worchester v. Georgia (1832)
Other Cases…
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific RR v. Illinois
(1886)
United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895)
In Re Debs (1895)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Northern Securities Co. v. United States
(1904)
Lochner v. New York (1905)
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United
States (1935)
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
The Warren Court…
1953 – 1969
Chief Justice – Earl Warren
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Watkins v. United States (1957)
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Baker v. Carr (1962)
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Heart of Atlanta Hotel v. United States
(1964)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent
Community School District (1969)
Remaining Cases…
New York Times Co. v. United States
(1971)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
United States v. Nixon (1974)
New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)
Cruzan v. Director Missouri Department
of Health (1990)
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern
Pennsylvania et al. v. Casey (1992)
Veronia School District v. Acton (1995)