Transcript resignation during a stop disease

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism
SECTION 1
Regional Economies Create Differences
SECTION 2
Nationalism at Center Stage
SECTION 3
The Age of Jackson
SECTION 4
States’ Rights and the National Bank
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Section 1
Regional Economies
Create Differences
The North and the South develop different
economic systems that lead to political differences
between the regions.
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SECTION
1
Regional Economies Create
Differences
Another Revolution Affects America
Changes in Manufacturing
• By 1801, inventor Eli Whitney pioneers use of
Interchangeable parts (identical pieces used to
assemble products)
• Factory system: power-driven machinery, workers
with different tasks
• Mass production is production of goods in large
quantities
• Industrial Revolution—social, economic
reorganization:
- machines replace hand tools
- large-scale factory production develops
- result of manufacturing changes
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Another
Revolution Affects America
Great Britain Starts a Revolution
• In 18th century, British first to generate power from
streams, coal
• Develop power-driven machines for mass
production, build factories
The Industrial Revolution in the United States
• After independence, U.S. income primarily from
international trade
• Embargo Act of 1807, War of 1812 blockade shut
down trade, shipping
• Americans begin to invest in domestic industries
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Another
Revolution Affects America
New England Industrializes
• Samuel Slater builds first thread factory in
Pawtucket, RI (1793)
• Lowell, Appleton, Jackson mechanize all stages of
cloth making (1813)
• Build weaving factories in Waltham, MA and
Lowell, MA
• By late 1820s, Lowell becomes booming
manufacturing center
• Thousands—mostly young women—leave family
farms to work in Lowell
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Lowell Mills
SECTION
1
Two Economic Systems Develop
Agriculture in the North
• Cash crops do not grow well in Northern soil and
climate
• South makes huge profits on cash crops; no
incentive to industrialize
• In Old Northwest, farmers raise 1 or 2 types of
crops, livestock
- sell farm products at city markets; buy other items
• Grains do not need much labor or yield great profit:
need no slaves
• Northern slavery dying out by late 1700s
- most Northern states abolish slavery by 1804
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Two
Economic Systems Develop
Cotton Is King in the South
• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allows farmers to grow
cotton for massive profits
• Great demand for cotton in Britain, growing
demand in North
• Poor non-slaveholding farmers go west to
cultivate cotton
• Plantation system established in Louisiana,
Mississippi, Alabama
Slavery Becomes Entrenched
• Cotton hugely profitable; by 1820s, demand for
slaves increases
• Increase in cotton production parallels increase
in slave population
• The Atlantic Slave Trade
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Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
The widow of the revolutionary war general Nathaniel Greene (who died in 1786) was living in Savannah,
GA. One day in 1793, she was entertaining some southern planters who spoke about the difficulty of
plucking cotton fibers from its sticky seed. This was very tedious work which slaves were forced to do, but
which could only be done slowly. Mrs. Greene’s young protégé, Eli Whitney, was present. Within a few
weeks, he had built a machine that pulled the fibers off the seeds mechanically. This “cotton gin” (short for
“engine”) increased the amount of cotton that could be picked off the seeds fifty-fold.
SECTION
1
Clay Proposes the American System
Uniting the Nation’s Economic Interests
• Madison’s plan to unite the country’s regions, create strong a
economy:
- develop transportation systems; make internal improvements
- establish protective tariff
- revive national bank that diminished under Jefferson
• House Speaker Henry Clay promotes plan as the American
System:
- North produces manufactured goods
- South and West produce food, cotton
- national currency, transportation facilitate trade
- all regions sustain the others making U.S. economically
independent
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Clay
Proposes the American System
Erie Canal and Other Internal Improvements
• Railroads not yet in common use; first steam
engine built 1825
• Many states build turnpikes, toll roads pay for
themselves
• Federal government funds highways to connect
different regions
• 1838, National Road extends from MD to IL
• Erie Canal links Hudson River to Lake Erie:
Atlantic ocean now to the Great Lakes
• Other states build over 3,000 miles of canals
by 1837
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The Erie Canal
Deadly diseases seemed to spread along the Erie Canal. Every town along the canal suffered from cholera, even
though they had enacted measures to keep the disease out. Cholera was brought by Irish immigrant workers.
Quarantines were enacted along the river and canal, towns hoping to limit the spread of cholera. These efforts
failed because once the boats came to a halt, passengers would jump ashore completely avoiding the quarantine
checkpoints. Many canal workers and their families lived along the canals where they drew water for cooking and
washing. Since there were no sanitary systems in the shantytowns, workers threw their garbage and waste into the
waterways. Shantytowns created the perfect situation for cholera to thrive. Cholera was thought to be God
punishing sinners and that it was a result of America’s unjust social system. Those within the religious community
thought that cholera was a way to cleanse the country to save it from its “atheism and infidelity.” It was also
thought that cholera only affected those who led “alcoholic, drug related, sexually excessive, and filth ridden
lives.” As long as you lived a good life free of sin, you would be spared this deadly disease.
SECTION
1
continued Clay
Proposes the American System
Tariffs and the National Bank
• Madison proposes Tariff of 1816—tariff on
imports
- increases cost of foreign goods
- people more likely to buy American goods
- helps pay for improvements
• Northeast welcomes tariff; South, West resent
higher prices
• In 1816, Second Bank of the United States
chartered for 20 years
• President James Monroe elected president
(1816), begins “Era of good Feelings”; decrease
in harsh political rhetoric in a time of heightened
sense of nationalism
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Section 2
Nationalism at
Center Stage
Nationalism exerts a strong influence in the
courts, foreign affairs, and westward expansion
in the early 1800s.
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SECTION
2
Nationalism at Center Stage
The Supreme Court Boosts National Power
Strengthening Government Economic Control
• Gibbons v. Ogden: federal government controls
interstate commerce;
• McCulloch v. Maryland: states cannot overturn laws
passed by Congress (MD tried to heavily tax a local
branch of the Bank of the US)
--Ruled that Congress has implied powers under the
constitution; weakens states’ rights argument
Limiting State Powers
• Marshall Court blocks state interference in business,
commerce
• Fletcher v. Peck: voids Georgia law violating individual rights
to make contracts
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward: state cannot interfere with
contracts
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SECTION
2
Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
Territory and Boundaries
• Nationalism—national interests come before
region, foreign concerns
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams guided by
nationalism over regional interests
- makes treaties with Britain on Great Lakes,
borders, territories
• Spain cedes Florida to U.S. in Adams-Onís Treaty
- gives up claim to Oregon Territory
-keeps its claims to all lands west of Texas
Continued . . .
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Adams-Onis Treaty
In the provisions, the United States ceded to Spain its claims to Texas west of the Sabine River. Spain
retained possession not only of Texas, but also California and the vast region of New Mexico. At the time,
these two territories included all of present-day California and New Mexico along with modern Nevada,
Utah, Arizona and sections of Wyoming and Colorado. The treaty -- which was not ratified by the United
States and the new republic of Mexico until 1831 -- also mandated that Spain relinquish its claims to the
country of Oregon north of the 42 degrees parallel (the northern border of California). Later, in 1824, Russia
would also abandon its claim to Oregon south of 54’40,’ (the southern border of Alaska.)
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2
continued Nationalism
Shapes Foreign Policy
The Monroe Doctrine
• Europe has colonial designs on Latin America and
elsewhere in the Americas
• Spain, Portugal claim old colonies; Russia has trading
posts in CA
• Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns Europe not to
interfere in Americas
- 4 major points
1) The United States would not get involved in
European affairs
2) The United States would not interfere with existing
European colonies in the Western Hemisphere
3) No other nation could form a new colony in the
Western Hemisphere
4) If a European nation tried to control or interfere with
a nation in the Western Hemisphere, the United States
would view it as a hostile act against this nation
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Monroe Doctrine
The political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that of America. This
difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our
own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of
their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation
is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United
States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their
system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.
SECTION
2
Nationalism Pushes America West
Expansion to the West
• Most settlers go west for land, economic opportunity
• Possible to change jobs
The Missouri Compromise
• When territory’s population reaches 60,000 may
apply for statehood
• Missouri Compromise—preserves balance
between slave, free states (11 each)
- Maine admitted into Union as free state, Missouri
as slave state
- divides Louisiana Territory at 3630’ line: slavery
legal in south
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Missouri Compromise
Thomas Jefferson expressed his opinion on the Missouri Compromise in a
letter to John Holms dated April 22, 1820. Jefferson writes that the
Missouri question, "like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me
with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union." Jefferson
wrote that the "Missouri question aroused and filled me with alarm...I
have been among the most sanguine in believing that our Union would be
of long duration. I now doubt it much."
Section 3
The Age of Jackson
Andrew Jackson’s policies speak for common
people but violate Native American rights.
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SECTION
3
The Age of Jackson
Expanding Democracy Changes Politics
1824 Election
• Calhoun, Clay, Adams, Jackson for Prez
• In 1824, Andrew Jackson wins popular and electoral
vote
• No one wins majority; deciding vote in the House
• John Quincy Adams elected president by House with
Clay’s support
• Jacksonians claim Adams, Clay have struck a
corrupt bargain
• Jacksonians form Democratic Party, block Adams’s
policies
Democracy and Citizenship
• Most states ease voting qualifications; few require
property; 1824=350k voters…1828=1.15 million
• In 1828, numerous new voters help Jackson win
presidency
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Election of 1824
Following the election, President Adams did offer Clay the position of
Secretary of State, lending credence to the belief that there was a corrupt
bargain. The deep party divisions ended the “era of good feelings”. Clay
formed a “National Republican party”. National Republicans tended to
be Unionist, while Democrats leaned to the state’s rights side.
SECTION
3
Jackson’s New Presidential Style
Jackson’s Appeal to the Common Citizen
• Jackson claims he is of humble origins, though in
reality is wealthy
- says Adams is intellectual elitist
• Jackson wins 1828 presidential election by
landslide
Jackson’s Spoils System
• Jackson limits appointees to federal jobs to four-year
terms
• Uses spoils system—replaces former appointees
with own friends
• Friends become primary advisers, dubbed “kitchen
cabinet”
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Jackson Attempted Assassination
Birth of the railroad train
In 1825, John Stevens built the first locomotive in the United States to run
on rails—on a half-mile track near his home in Hoboken, NJ. The
railroad would open the interior of the country far beyond the capacity of
the rivers and canals and would make the vastness of the US a matter not
of weakness but of strength.
Jefferson and Adams die
As the 50th anniversary of independence approached, John Adams had passed his 90 th birthday, Jefferson his
83rd; and both were ill. It was questionable whether Jefferson would live to see the anniversary, but he held
on to life long enough to acknowledge, after midnight, that it was July 4 th. He then died. John Adams died
a few hours later, his last words being a whispered “Jefferson still survives!”, since news didn’t reach him.
With the deaths of Adams and Jefferson, only one signer (Charles Carroll) of the Declaration remained
alive. Amazingly, James Monroe also died on July 4 th, 1831.
SECTION
3
Removal of Native Americans
Indian Removal Act of 1830
• Whites want to displace or assimilate Native
Americans
• Jackson: only solution is to move Native Americans
off their land
- thinks assimilation cannot work
- too many troops needed to keep whites out of
native lands
• Congress passes Indian Removal Act of 1830
- funds treaties that force Native Americans west
• Jackson pressures some tribes to move, forcibly
removes others
Continued . . .
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SECTION
3
continued Removal
of Native Americans
The Cherokee Fight Back
• Worcester v. Georgia—Marshall decides the state
cannot rule Cherokee or invade their land
• GA ignores ruling, Jackson does nothing to stop them
• Some Cherokee try to continue court fight, minority
favor relocation
• Federal agents sign treaty with minority; relocation
begins
• By 1838, 20,000 remain; President Martin Van Buren
orders removal
The Trail of Tears
• Cherokee sent west on Trail of Tears; 800-mile trip
made on foot
• Cherokee are robbed by government officials, outlaws;
thousands die
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUILURVoPhw
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Andrew Jackson and the Trail of Tears
In 1813, Jackson sent home an Indian child found on battlefield with his dead mother. This boy,
Lyncoya, (c1811-1828) may have originally been intended as kind of a pet and companion for
Andrew Junior, but Jackson soon took a strong interest in him. He was educated with Andrew
Junior and Jackson had aspirations of sending him to West Point. Political circumstances made
that impossible, and Lyncoya went to train as a saddle maker in Nashville. He died of tuberculosis
in 1828. Jackson is the only American President to have actually adopted a Native American child.
Section 4
States’ Rights and the
National Bank
Andrew Jackson confronts two important issues
during his presidency—states’ rights and a
national bank.
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SECTION
4
States’ Rights and the
National Bank
A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue
Jackson’s Tariff Scheme and Nullification Theory
• North wants protective tariffs; South against
• Vice-president John C. Calhoun calls 1828 Tariff
of Abominations
• Calhoun devises nullification theory:
- questions legality of applying federal laws to states
- Constitution based on compact among states
- state can reject law it considers unconstitutional
- states have right to leave Union if nullification
denied
• Chief Justice Marshall claims only the S. Court can
decide whether a law is unconstitutional or not
Continued . . .
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SECTION
4
continued
A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue
Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights
• Senator Robert Hayne argues Southern view of
tariff, states’ rights
• Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts defends
Union
• Pres. Jackson believes Union “must be preserved”;
Calhoun resigns
South Carolina Rebels
• South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null;
threatens to secede if feds try to collect $
• Jackson calls it treason…Congress passes Force
Bill: can use army, navy against S. Carolina
• Nation on the brink of civil war
• Henry Clay, the great compromiser, proposes tariff
that lowers duties over 10 years
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Hayne-Webster Debates
Robert Hayne had been in the Senate since 1823, having entered at the age of 32. His record there shows him
constantly on guard against perceived threats to the institution of slavery. He and other Jacksonians also
opposed U.S. participation in a conference of the Americas, largely because it would mean dealing with black
Haitian representatives as peers. Daniel Webster, though a relative newcomer to the Senate, was nationally
known as a great orator. Called, at times "Godlike Dan Webster", and at other times "Black Dan" for his
swarthiness and his flaws as a human being. He won major constitutional cases before the Supreme Court (most
notably, DARTMOUTH COLLEGE V. WOODWARD, GIBBONS V. OGDEN, and MCCULLOCH V.
MARYLAND), establishing himself as the nation's leading lawyer and an outstand outstanding orator.
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4
Jackson Attacks the National Bank
Jackson Opposes the Bank
• Jackson vetoes bill to recharter Second Bank of
the United States
• Presents bank as privileged institution that favors
the wealthy; goes with his “common-man” beliefs
Pet Banks
• Jackson puts federal money in state banks loyal to
Democratic Party
• Bank of US president Nicholas Biddle
unsuccessfully maneuvers to save bank
Whig Party Forms
• People unhappy with Jackson (Clay, Adams,
Webster) form Whig Party, back American System
• Want protective tariff, construction of roads/canals,
and federal control of the banking system
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Jackson's actions with regards to
the Second Bank of the United
States resulted in his censure by
Congress for abuse of power. This
cartoon depicts Henry Clay
sewing Jackson's mouth shut.
“You are a den of vipers and
thieves. I intend to rout you out,
and by the eternal God, I will
rout you out”.
--Andrew Jackson, to a delegation
of bankers discussing the
recharter of the Second Bank of
the United States, 1832
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Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy
Jackson’s Legacy
• Martin Van Buren wins 1836 election with
Jackson’s support
• Pet banks print bank notes in excess of gold,
silver they have
• Rush to exchange paper money for gold and
silver; banks stop taking paper $
• Panic of 1837—bank closings, collapse of credit
system:
- people lose savings, businesses bankrupted
- more than a third of population out of work
• Van Buren tries unsuccessfully to solve economic
problems
• Recession signals US future of continued boom
and bust economies till the mid-20th century
Continued . . .
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Panic of 1837
The Panic of 1837 was America’s First Great Depression. It led to violence on the streets of major cities. This
painting depicts Philadelphia’s Kennsington riots. Anti-immigrant American-born Protestant Anglos portrayed
themselves as “native” Americans in contrast to the “invading” Irish foreigners. Kensington’s Irish immigrants
formed their own community and social networks centered on the church, the tavern, and the volunteer
firehouse. The “nativists” accused the Irish of isolating themselves from the larger society and being unwilling
to assimilate. nativist working classes felt particularly threatened by Irish Catholic competition for jobs and
housing. The common perception that the largely poor, unskilled Irish immigrants drove down wages by
working for next to nothing stoked nativist antipathies. In May 1844, the tensions came to a head in
Kensington’s Nanny Goat Market with a violent nativist–Irish clash that lasted for three days.
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4
continued
Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy
Harrison and Tyler
• Whig William Henry Harrison (depicted as the
common-man/war hero) beats Van Buren
(depicted as wealthy and privileged) in 1840
election…in fact, the opposite was true of these
men
• Harrison enacts Whig program to revitalize
economy
• Dies one month later of pneumonia; succeeded by
vice-president John Tyler
• Tyler opposes many parts of Whig economic plan
• Whigs regret making him Vice President and call
him “His Accidency”!
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