Transcript body systems - lderewal

A look into our anatomy
BODY PLANES
TERM
DEFINITION
Superior
Toward head
Inferior
Toward bottom
Anterior
Toward front
Posterior
Toward back
Medial
Toward middle
Lateral
Toward side
Internal
Away from surface
External
Toward surface
Proximal
Toward main mass
Distal
Away from main mass
POSITION


The circulatory system is composed of
the heart and blood vessels, including
arteries, veins, and capillaries. Our
bodies actually have two circulatory
systems: The pulmonary circulation is
a short loop from the heart to
the lungs and back again, and the
systemic circulation (the system we
usually think of as our circulatory
system) sends blood from the heart to
all the other parts of our bodies and
back again.
The circulatory system works closely
with other systems in our bodies. It
supplies oxygen and nutrients to our
bodies by working with the respiratory
system. At the same time, the circulatory
system helps carry waste and carbon
dioxide out of the body.
The Blood Flow Cycle - http://www.smm.org/heart/heart/circ.htm
Blood . . .
Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients
and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products
away from those same cells. Made up of 4 components…
Plasma . . .
The liquid component of blood made up of water, sugar, fat, protein,
and salts. Transports blood cells throughout your body along with
nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical
messengers such as hormones, and proteins that help maintain the
body's fluid balance.
Platelets. . .
Fragments of cells that help the blood clotting process.
Red Blood Cells. . .
Most abundant cell in the blood, accounting for about 40-45
percent of its volume. Can travel through the smallest vessels. Live
up to about 120 days.
White Blood Cells. . .
Protect the body from infection. Much fewer in number than
red blood cells, accounting for about 1 percent of your blood.
Two types: T-CELLS attack cells (immune); B-CELLS create
antibodies to fight off pathogens.
Protein in blood, carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and then returns
Hemoglobin. . .
carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs so it can be exhaled. Blood appears red because
of the large number of red blood cells, which get their color from the hemoglobin
Pathogen. . .
Bloodborne pathogens are transmitted when contaminated blood or body fluids enter
the body of another person
Blood Vessel. . .
Transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels:
the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins.
Artery. . .
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They are the thickest blood
vessels, with muscular walls that contract to keep the blood moving
away from the heart and through the body. Oxygen-rich blood is
pumped from the heart into the aorta. This huge artery curves up and
back from the left ventricle, then heads down in front of the spinal
column into the abdomen.
Coronary. . .
Two coronary arteries branch off at the beginning of the
aorta and divide into a network of smaller arteries that
provide oxygen and nourishment to the muscles of the heart.
Pulmonary. . .
Carries oxygen-poor blood. From the right ventricle, the
pulmonary artery divides into right and left branches, on the
way to the lungs where blood picks up oxygen.
Vein. . .
Carry blood from the capillaries back
toward the heart.
Capillary. . .
Enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between
the blood and the tissues… Connect arteries and veins.
Artria. . .
HEART. . .
The key organ in the
circulatory system. As a
hollow, muscular pump, its
main function is to propel
blood throughout the body. It
beats from 60-100 /per
minute. It beats about
100,000 times a day, more
than 30 million times per
year, and about 2.5 billion
times in a 70-year lifetime.
The heart has four chambers
that are enclosed by thick,
muscular walls that lie
between the lungs and just
to the left of the middle of
the chest cavity.
http://youtu.be/JA0
Wb3gc4mE
Aorta. . .
The upper part of the heart is
made up of the other two
chambers of the heart, the right
and left atria. The right and left
atria receive the blood entering
the heart. A wall called the
interatrial septum divides the
right and left atria, which are
separated from the ventricles by
the atrioventricular valves. The
tricuspid valve separates the
right atrium from the right
ventricle, and the mitral valve
separates the left atrium and the
left ventricle
Ventricles. . .
The bottom part of the heart is
divided into two chambers called
the right and left ventricles, which
pump blood out of the heart. A
wall called the interventricular
septum divides the ventricles.
largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the
abdomen, where it bifurcates into two smaller arteries (the common iliacs). The aorta distributes
oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation
One complete heartbeat makes up a cardiac cycle, which consists of two phases:
1. SYSTOLE: the ventricles contract, sending blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulation. To prevent the flow of
blood backwards into the atria during systole, the atrioventricular valves close, creating the first sound (the lub). When the
ventricles finish contracting, the aortic and pulmonary valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles. This is
what creates the second sound (the dub)
.
2. DIASTOLE: Then the ventricles relax (this is called diastole) and fill with blood from the atria.
Heart Rate. . .
How many times the heart beats in a unit of
time, nearly always per minute. The number
of contractions of the lower chambers of the
heart (the ventricles).
Pulse. . .
As the blood gushes through the artery from
a heart beat, it creates a bulge in the artery.
The rate at which the artery bulges can be
measured by touching it with your fingers,
as on the wrist or neck.
Blood pressure. . .
The force of blood against the walls of arteries. Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers—the systolic
pressure (as the heart beats) over the diastolic pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats). The measurement
is written one above or before the other, with the systolic number on top and the diastolic number on the bottom.
For example, a blood pressure measurement of 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) is expressed verbally as
"120 over 80."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MG6ILGiNTvw&feature=relmfu
Think of thee BRAIN as a central computer that controls all the functions of
your body… the nervous system is then like a network that relays messages
back and forth from it to different parts of the body (via the spinal cord, which
runs from the brain down through the back and contains threadlike nerves
that branch out to every organ and body part).
When a message comes into the brain from anywhere in the body, the brain
tells the body how to react.
 CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Integrates the information that it receives from,
and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the
bodies. (BRAIN & SPINAL CORD)
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Involves the spinal cord is a long bundle of
nerve tissue about 18 inches long and ¾ inch
thick. It extends from the lower part of the brain
down through spine. Along the way, various
nerves branch out to the entire body. (NERVES)
The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the
human brain, associated with higher brain
function such as thought and action.
The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections,
called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe,
occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.
The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to
the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres
and has a highly folded surface or cortex. This
structure is associated with regulation and
coordination of movement, posture, and
balance.
Underneath the limbic system is the brain
stem. This structure is responsible for basic
vital life functions such as breathing,
heartbeat, and blood pressure.
Consists of millions of nerve fibers which transmit electrical information to and
from the limbs, trunk and organs of the body, back to and from the brain.
 NEURONS: specialized to carry "messages" through an electrochemical
process. The human brain has approximately 100 billion neurons.
Dendrites bring
information to the cell
body
CELL BODY…Contains
the information processing
center and the nucleus of
the neuron
Axons take information
away from the cell body
SENSORY NEURONS
Nerve endings on one end of each neuron are encased in a special
structure to sense a specific stimulus… (senses)
MOTOR NEURONS
Cells that directly or indirectly controls the contraction or
relaxation of muscles.
REFLEX ACTION
When a receptor is stimulated, it sends a signal to the central nervous system,
where the brain co-ordinates the response. Sometimes, a very quick
response is needed, one that does not need the involvement of the brain.
This is a reflex action.




DEEPER LEARNING:
http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/brain_it.html
STUDY GAME: http://anatomyarcade.com/games/matchingGames/MatchABrain/matchABrain.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlUPCNLSJIY&feature=player_embedded
Defends people against germs and
microorganisms every day. Problems
with the immune system can lead to
illness and infection.
 LYMPH: a clear-ish liquid that bathes the cells with water and nutrients.
Lymph is blood plasma -- the liquid that makes up blood minus the red and
white cells. Each cell does not have its own private blood vessel feeding it, yet
it has to get food, water, and oxygen to survive. Blood transfers these materials
to the lymph through the capillary walls, and lymph carries it to the cells.
 LYMPH
NODE: contain filtering tissue and a large number of
lymph cells. When fighting certain bacterial infections, the lymph
nodes swell with bacteria and the cells fighting the bacteria, to the
point where you can actually feel them. Swollen lymph nodes are
therefore a good indication that you have an infection of some sort.
• Once lymph has been filtered through the lymph
nodes it re-enters the bloodstream
 SPLEEN acts
primarily as a blood filter
 IMMUNITY = biological term that describes a
state of having sufficient biological defenses
to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted
biological invasion.
 THYMUS GLAND= The thymus gland is an
organ in the upper chest cavity that processes
lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that
fights infections in the body. This organ is part
of both the lymphatic system, which makes up
a major part of the immune system. People
who do not have this gland, or in whom it does
not function correctly, usually have
compromised immune systems and difficulty
fighting disease.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS…or “Lymphocytes”
• T-Cells - The main job of T-cells is to fight
infection. They directly attack and destroy
infectious agents and also guard the body against
infection. After they are produced in the bone
marrow, these cells spend some time maturing
and developing in an organ in the chest called the
thymus (why they are named T-cells). After
maturation, T-cells are present in the blood and in
lymph nodes.
• B-Cells - make antibodies against antigens
ANTIBODIES: Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used
by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such
as bacteria and viruses (antigens).
Activity…IMMUNE SYSTEM CARTOON/VIDEO GAME

ACTIVITY: Immune
Defense Comic Strip
• Write a cartoon or comic strip
about immune cells and their
enemies. Immune cells such as
white blood cells are the body's
defense system. This system
fights bacteria and viruses.
Create an army of defense cells.
Use knowledge about how the
defense system works and write
a small story using cartoon
figures to explain about how our
body defends itself. The defense
army can remember some
enemies but not others and this
makes a good plot for a cartoon.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdtgVepdC18
…the system of organs in the body responsible for the intake of
oxygen and the expiration of carbon dioxide
 MUCUS: Mucus
acts as a protective blanket
to prevent the tissue underneath from
drying out. Mucus also acts as a sort of
flypaper, trapping unwanted substances like
bacteria and dust before they can get into
the body.
• It also contains antibodies that help the body
recognize invaders like bacteria and viruses.
 MUCUS
MEMBRANE: a thin layer of tissue
that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or
divides a space or organ.

EPIGLOTTIS:

TRACHEA:

CILIA:

BRONCHI:

LUNGS:

BRONCHIOLES:

ALVEOLI:
Flap of tissue that sits at the base of the tongue that keeps
food from going into the trachea (windpipe) during
swallowing.
A tube-like portion of the respiratory tract that connects the larynx
with the bronchial parts of the lungs. Also known as windpipe.
Tiny hairs that protect the nasal passageways and other parts of the
respiratory tract, filtering out dust and other particles that enter the nose
with the breathed air.
Left and Right air tubes that connect the lungs.
Make up one of the largest organs in your body and allow you
to take in fresh air, get rid of stale air, and even talk.
the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and even smaller
tubes called bronchioles.
Where the bronchioles end there are tiny air sacs called
alveoli This is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide takes place.
 HOW
FAST IS A SNEEZE?
When you sneeze, particles fly
out of your nose at
approximately 100mph. A
sneeze is the body’s way of
getting rid of something that’s
irritating the nose. Your nose
senses a tickle and the sneeze
center in your brain responds
by coordinating muscles in
your belly, chest, and
diaphragm to sneeze out the
irritant.
Provide support for our bodily
structure. The skeleton
functions not only as the
support for the body but also
the manufacture of blood cells
which takes place in bone
marrow. It is also necessary for
protection of vital organs and
is needed by the muscles for
movement.

BONES: Compound http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/bones_it.html
• Up to 90% of peak bone mass is acquired by age 18 in girls and age 20 in boys.
• During the teen years, almost half of the adult skeleton
is formed,
The body
has yet less than
half of all teens get enough calcium every day.
206 bones!
 For teenage girls it is even worse with only 15% getting enough calcium. Females are
four times more likely than males to develop osteoporosis. After puberty, boys tend to
acquire greater bone mass than girls.
 PERIOSTEUM: contains nerves and blood vessels that help nourish bone tissue (thin but
dense)
 BONE MARROW: soft bone found inside of bones. Makes most of the red and
white blood cells.
 CARTILAGE: a flexible, rubbery substance in our joints, supports bones and
protects them where they rub against each other.
 LIGAMENT: Bones are fastened to other bones by long, fibrous straps called
ligaments.
• JOINT: occur where two bones meet. They make the skeleton flexible — without
them, movement would be impossible.
http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/muscles_it.html
 JOINTS!
Fibrous joints: held together by only a ligament. Examples are where
the teeth are held to their bony sockets and at both the radioulnar and
tibiofibular joints.
Cartilagenous: occur where the connection between the articulating
bones is made up of cartilage for example between vertebrae in the spine.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS: have a synovial capsule surrounding the entire
joint, a synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid (a lubricating liquid) and
cartilage which pads the ends of the articulating bones
Joint Type
Movement at joint
Hinge
Flexion/Extension
Pivot
Rotation of one bone around another
Ball and
Socket
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Abduction/Internal & External Rotation
Saddle
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Abduction/Circumduction
Condyloid
Gliding
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Abduction/Circumduction
Examples
Structure
Elbow/Knee
Hinge joint
Top of the neck
(atlas and axis bones)
Pivot Joint
Shoulder/Hip
CMC joint of the thumb
Wrist/MCP & MTP joints
Gliding movements
Intercarpal joints
Ball and socket joint
Saddle joint
Condyloid joint
Gliding joint



http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/6830-human-body-bone-strength-video.htm
When a bone breaks, the supply of blood and minerals which keep it healthy is temporarily cut off, making it
very important that the bone be "set" in its normal position.Once the bone is set, it can begin to produce new
blood cells and tissue that will rebuild or "knit" the broken ends back in place. Casting or splinting a broken
bone will help keep the bone aligned so it can heal properly.
As we get older, the bones may become porous or brittle, making them more prone to breaking. When this
happens, it takes a longer time for them to heal because they are less dense or sturdy than when the body was
younger. It is important to stay active throughout one's life so as to avoid weakening of the bones. Eating foods
high in calcium such as dark leafy greens and dairy products can help keep bones healthy even as we age.
http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?lic=1&article_set=59302&cat_id=20607
The human body contains over 600 muscles
VOLUNTARY MUSCLES
you have the ability to consciously control,
like your arms, legs, face muscles etc
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES
muscles that you can't
consciously control. They
control themselves without a
chosen stimulus. Examples:
heart muscle, intestines, etc…
SMOOTH MUSCLE
found in places like your digestive system, blood vessels, bladder,
airways. Smooth muscle has the ability to stretch and maintain
tension for long periods of time and contracts involuntarily
SKELETAL MUSCLE
type of muscle that we can see and feel. When a body builder
works out to increase muscle mass, skeletal muscle is what is
being exercised. Skeletal muscles attach to the skeleton and come
in pairs -- one muscle to move the bone in one direction and
another to move it back the other way. These muscles usually
contract voluntarily.
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Twitch muscle found only in your heart, and its big features are
endurance and consistency.
TENDON
tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects
muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension.
HUMAN BODY QUIZ: http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/parts/human-body-quiz.htm

It All Starts in the Brain
•

Muscle Filaments
•

When a muscle contracts, the thick myosin filaments seize the thin actin filaments creating a "crossbridge" pattern. The thick
myosin filaments pull the thin actin filaments by them like trains passing each other on parallel tracks. These filaments are
encased in tube like structures called sarcomeres. The sarcomeres get shorter as the thick and thin muscle filaments slide by
each other.
Opposing Muscles
•

There are grooves in the thin muscle filaments that allow them to move alongside the thick muscle filaments. In these grooves
are a pair of proteins called tropomyosin and troponin. They are molecular switches essential to muscle contraction. Calcium
ions are released to trigger the movement and the proteins help the thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments work
together.
Muscle Contraction
•

Muscles are made up of thick and thin muscle filaments. Thick muscle filaments are composed of myosin protein molecules
stacked in a cylinder shape. Thin muscle filaments are made of actin protein resembling a pair of twisting pearl necklaces.
Both thick and thin muscle filaments are required for muscle contraction.
The Muscle Trigger
•

Some muscles, like the muscles in your heart and digestive system, are involuntary. They work by themselves without you
consciously telling them to do anything. Other muscles are voluntary, meaning you order them to move. Both types of muscles
are commanded by the brain. The brain sends an electric signal down a series of nerve cells ordering muscles to contract. This
is done automatically by your brain with involuntary muscles and manually by your brain with voluntary muscles.
The only thing an individual muscle can do is contract in a single direction. In a joint, there are opposing muscles that contract
in opposing directions so you can move in a range of motion. For example, your biceps bend your arm at the elbow and your
triceps straighten your arm. One group of muscles contracts while the opposing muscle group relaxes.
Coordinated Muscles
•
A human being has hundreds of muscles in every region of the body. All of these muscles must coordinate with each other to
move a person effectively. A simple task like smiling, throwing a ball or standing up from a chair involves dozens of muscles
contracting and relaxing with different amounts of force simultaneously. This is a learned process that the human body figures
out with experience.
 Network
of glands that
secrete different types
of hormones that are
instrumental in
regulating mood,
growth and
development, tissue
function, and
metabolism, as well as
sexual function and
reproductive processes.

Hormone:
• Chemicals created by the body that control numerous bodily functions.

Pituitary Gland:
• Master manipulator of the endocrine system.
Pea sized organ that sits above the spine and
beneath the brain.

Thyroid Gland
• Bowtie-shaped gland that straddles the
trachea and produces the hormones that
regulate metabolism.

Thyroxin
• principal hormone that promotes protein synthesis
(blending) and growth, and also helps regulate
metabolism.

Metabolism
• The rate at which your body turns food into energy.
 Parathyroid
Gland
• Humans typically have four, which are located
on the rear surface of the thyroid gland. Controls
the amount of calcium in the blood and bones.
 Pancreas
• Located between the kidneys. Secretes vital
juices for the digestive system that produces
hormones that maintain our blood sugar levels
 Insulin
• Hormone released by the pancreas that regulates sugar use in the body.
(DIABETES)
 Adrenal
Glands
• Twin triangular organs positioned atop each kidney. Maintains levels of
saline in tissues. Also fuels the body’s response to stress.
 Adrenaline
• Biological super-fuel (hormone) that accelerates Heart Rate and Blood
Pressure into a fight or flight state.
 Makes
up the
assembly (or
disassembly) line
that works
through stages to
breakdown food
and turn it into
energy or into
waste.
DRAW IT!
DIGESTION
WATCH THE PROCESS
MOUTH:
Where mechanical and chemical
digestion take place. Teeth mash and grind the food up
while enzymes in the saliva dissolve and simplify starches.
While the tongue moves and manipulates the food.
SALIVARY GLANDS:
Found in the mouth and throat. Are triggered for multiple
reasons. Produce SALIVA
SALIVA:
Lubricates, buffers to neutralize acidic
foods, has antibacterial agents, and
converts starch to maltose
 ESOPHAGUS
• Food passes through this 10 inch long tube that connects the mouth to
the stomach.
 PERISTALSIS
• Involuntary muscle contraction that initiates digestion. A small ring of
muscle relaxes allowing the food to fall while another contracts behind
it to push it along.
 STOMACH
• Where chemical digestion occurs. Here acids that decompose and
breakdown food are extremely strong and caustic. Little food
substance is absorbed here (water, alcohol & some drugs) where
they enter the bloodstream.

SMALL INTESTINE
• Chemical digestion continues. Main specialty =
absorb nutrients.

Villi
• Allow the SI to absorb the nutrients through small
tube-like projections in the walls.

ENZYME
• Biological molecules that catalyze (or increase the rates
of) chemical reactions

LIVER
• Produces an alkaline substance (BILE) that
breaks down fats and helps aid in digestion.
Has two lobes located just below the heart
on the right of the abdomen.
Creates filters and stores key substances
 PANCREAS
• Transforms large proteins into amino acids, CHO, fats, fatty acids,
sugars, etc..
 LARGE
INTESTINE
• Responsible for ridding the body of waste. Connected directly to the
colon – pushes food waste and fiber out of the body.
 RECTUM
• Stores waste until it is ready to be passed
 ANUS
• Exit point for food waste matter
FACTS ABOUT THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 From
mouth to anus, the digestive system is about 5-6x
your height
 Time need for food to travel through the tract is
approximately 36 hours
 Average of daily secretion of digestive bodily fluids =
approx. 3 gallons of chemicals
 WHAT IS A STOMACH GROWL?
• About two hours after your stomach empties itself, it begins to produce
hormones that stimulate local nerves to send a message to the brain. The
brain replies by signaling for the digestive muscles to restart the
process of peristalsis. Two results occur: First, the contractions sweep up
any remaining food that was missed the first time around. Second, the
vibrations of an empty stomach make you hungry. Muscle contractions
will come and go about every hour, generally lasting 10 to 20 minutes,
until you eat again

The integumentary system
or skin covers and protects
everything inside your
body. Without skin,
people's muscles, bones,
and organs would be
hanging out all over the
place. Skin holds
everything together and
helps our bodies keep the
right temperature and
allows us to have a sense
of touch.
 MELANIN
• Determines skin color.
• Photoprotective pigment
2 Layers
 EPIDERMIS
• Outermost layer. Consists of entirely
of dead cells (=20lbs of body weight)
 DERMIS
• Layer below. Packed with living tissue. Contains COLLAGEN &
ELASTIN
 SWEAT
GLANDS
• Found in the epidermis. Even though you can't feel it, you actually
sweat a tiny bit all the time. The sweat comes up through pores,
tiny holes in the skin that allow it to escape. When the sebum meets
the sweat, they form a protective film that's a bit sticky.
 SEBACEOUS
GLANDS
• microscopic glands in the skin that secrete an oily/waxy matter, called
sebum… to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals
 SEBUM
• lubricates and waterproofs the skin and hair
 SEBACEOUS
LAYER
• Considered the “hypodermis”. Lies underneath the dermis. Consists
mostly of fat which nourishes and insulates the dermis.
 RINGWORM
• A common fungal infection of the skin and is not due to a worm. The
condition is further named for the site of the body where the infection
occurs. Causes a scaly, crusted rash that may itch.
• Ringworm can be successfully treated with antifungal medications
used either topically or orally.
 HAIR
• The entire body is nearly covered in hair. Composed of keratin. The
only part of hair that is alive is at the root (buried deep within the
dermis).
 NAILS
• Composed of tightly packed keratin. These flat sheets protect our
phalanges.
 HAIR
FOLLICLE
• The only living part of hair. This is where growth occurs.
 Organ
system that
produces, stores,
and eliminates
urine. In humans it
includes two
kidneys, two
ureters, the bladder
and the urethra. The
female and male
urinary system are
very similar, they
differ only in the
length of the
urethra.
 KIDNEYS
• Pair - Each is about 5 inches long
and about 3 inches wide (size of a
computer mouse).
• filters the waste out of the blood to
make urine.
 URINE
• Produced by the kidneys, contains
the byproducts of metabolism —
salts, toxins, and water — that end up
in the blood.
 URETERS
• Long tubes where urine slides down
after it is produced in the kidney.
 URINARY
BLADDER
• a bag that collects the urine
 URETHRA
• a tube that carries the urine out
of the body
MEDICAL MYTHS
Holding your urine in can rupture your bladder.
FALSE: Although you can hurt yourself and cause UTIs by holding your urine, but you can’t rupture your bladder (nor die from)
due to not going to the bathroom.
You can drown yourself from drinking too much water.
TRUE: HYPER-HYDRATION (has occurred in marathoners and “ravers”). Prior to death, hyperhydration causes the brain to swell.
Going to sleep with your hand in water will make you urinate.
FALSE: But with a but… There is no physical evidence as to why or what would trigger the brain to send such
messages to the urinary system, however through various trials (dorm-rooms, sleepovers, etc)… this myth has
been proven to occur.
In Life or Death situations, it is okay to drink urine to rehydrate.
TRUE: You can drink urine 1 to 2 times in an extreme emergency but remember, urine is how you pass waste
products out of your body. There is more water than waste products in a well hydrated individual however the
ratio goes down as your hydration levels go down. Hence your urine will become darker colored as you
become more dehydrated. To turn around and put those waste products back into your body and force it to
process and filter them again causes more work and bogs your body systems down. This forces your body to
need more water to complete the body processes and once again try and pass these waste products yet again,
in addition to the new waste products created by the increased workload. It is a process of diminishing returns
and eventually your body will shut itself down.