Transcript Growth and Development Body Systems (19)

Coach Schneider
Unit 4
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The body system that transports nutrients,
gases, hormones, and cellular waste products
throughout the body
Blood
◦ Carries nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
cellular waste products to and from your body cells
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Plasma
◦ Liquid component of blood that carries blood cells
and dissolved materials
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Platelet
◦ Particles that help blood clot
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Red Blood Cell
◦ Transports oxygen to body cells and removes CO2
from cells
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Hemoglobin
◦ Iron rich protein that helps transport O2 and CO2 in
the blood
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White Blood Cell
◦ Cell that attacks, surrounds, and destroys
pathogens
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Pathogen
◦ Germ that causes disease
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Blood Vessels
◦ 3 types
 Arteries
 Veins
 Capillaries
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Artery
◦ Carries oxygenated blood to the body from the
heart
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Veins
◦ Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart from the
body
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Capillaries
◦ Connects arteries and veins
◦ Gas exchange happens here
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Coronary Artery
◦ Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the heart muscle
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Pulmonary Artery
◦ Carries blood from heart to lungs, where it absorbs
O2 and releases CO2
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Four chambered muscle that continually
pumps blood throughout the body
Atria
◦ Two upper chambers of the heart
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Ventricles
◦ Two lower chambers
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Aorta
◦ Main artery in the body
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Heart Rate
◦ Number of times the heart contracts each minute
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Pulse
◦ Surge of blood that results from contractions of the
heart
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Blood Pressure
◦ Force of blood against arterial walls
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Carries messages to and from the brain and
spinal cord and all other body parts
Central Nervous System (CNS)
◦ Brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
◦ Nerves that branch out from the CNS
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Brain
◦ Mass of nerve tissue that acts as the control center
of the body
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Cerebrum
◦ Largest part of brain and controls the ability to
memorize, think and learn
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Cerebellum
◦ Part of the brain that controls and coordinates
muscle activity
 Ability to catch a ball
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Brain Stem
◦ Part of the brain that controls the functions of the
internal organs
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Spinal Cord
◦ Column of nerve cells that extends downward from
the brain
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Vertebrae
◦ Protects your spinal cord
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Neurons
◦ Cells that make up the nervous system
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Cell Body
◦ Main body of a neuron
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Axon
◦ Elongated fiber that carries impulses away from cell
body to the dendrites of another neuron
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Dendrites
◦ Branching fibers that receive impulses and carry
them to the cell body
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Sensory Neurons
◦ Carry impulses from sense organs to the spinal
cord and brain
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Motor Neurons
◦ Carry responding impulses to muscles and glands
from the brain and spinal cord
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Reflex Action
◦ Involuntary action in which a message is sent to the
spinal cord, is interpreted and is responded to
immediately
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Body system that removes harmful organisms
from the blood and combats pathogens
Lymph
◦ Clear liquid that surrounds body cells and circulates
in lymph vessels. Carries harmful pathogens to
lymph nodes.
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Lymph Node
◦ Structure that filters and destroys pathogens
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Spleen
◦ Organ on left side of abdomen that filters foreign
matter from the blood and lymph
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Immunity
◦ Body’s resistance to disease causing agents. White blood
cells are formed in bone marrow and circulate in the
blood.
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Thymus Gland
◦ White blood cells are changed into T-cells here
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T cell
◦ White blood cell that destroys pathogens
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B cell
◦ Another specialized cell that produces antibodies
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Antibody
◦ Specialized protein that helps fight infection
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Body system that provides body cells with
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Epiglottis
◦ Flap that covers the entrance to the trachea when
you swallow. Opens when you inhale.
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Trachea
◦ Tube through which air moves to the bronchi and
lungs
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Bronchi
◦ Two tubes in which air moves into lungs
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Lungs
◦ Main organs of respiratory system
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Bronchioles
◦ Small tubes that branch to form alveoli
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Alveoli
◦ Microscopic air sacs
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Cilia
◦ Hairlike structures that remove dust and other
particles from the air
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Mucus
◦ Thick secretion that moistens the air and traps dust
particles and pathogens
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Body system that serves as a support
framework, protects vital organs, works with
muscles to produce movement and produce
blood cells.
206 Bones in the body
Bone
◦ Structural material of the skeletal system
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Periosteum
◦ Thin tissue that covers bone and contains nerves
and blood vessels
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Bone Marrow
◦ Soft tissue in the center of most bones where both
red and white blood cells are formed
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Cartilage
◦ Soft connective tissue on the ends of some bones. It
also acts as a cushion where bones meet.
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Ligament
◦ Tough fiber that connects bones together
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Joint
◦ Point where two bones meet
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Ball and Socket
Hinge
Pivot
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Body system consisting of muscles that
provide motion and maintain posture
2 major muscle groups
◦ Voluntary
 Muscle a person can control
 Leg and arm muscles
◦ Involuntary
 Muscle that functions without a person’s control
 Stomach and internal organs
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3 types of muscle tissue
◦ Smooth Muscle
 Involuntary muscle tissue found in many internal
organs
◦ Skeletal Muscle
 Voluntary muscle tissue that’s attached to bone
◦ Cardiac Muscle
 Specialized muscle found only in the heart
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Tendon
◦ Tough tissue fiber that attaches muscles to bones
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600+ muscles in your body
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Body system that consists of glands that
produce hormones
Gland
◦ Group of cells that secretes hormones
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Pituitary Gland
◦ Produces hormones that control growth
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Thyroid Gland
◦ Produces thyroxin – controls metabolism and
calcium balance in body
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Metabolism
◦ Rate at which food is converted into energy in the
body
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Parathyroid Gland
◦ Glands that secrete hormones, which control
amount of calcium and phosphorous in the body
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Pancreas
◦ Gland that produces both digestive enzymes and
insulin
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Insulin
◦ Hormone that regulates blood sugar level
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Diabetes Mellitus
◦ Disease in which body produces little or no insulin
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Adrenal Glands
◦ Secrete hormones including adrenaline
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Adrenaline
◦ Prepares the body to react during times of stress,
danger, or in an emergency
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Ovaries
◦ Two ovaries
◦ Reproductive glands produce ova and estrogen
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Ova
◦ Egg cells, or female reproductive cells
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Estrogen
◦ Hormone produced by the ovaries that stimulates
the development of female secondary sex
characteristics and affects the menstrual cycle
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Testes
◦ Two testes are male reproductive glands that
produce sperm and testosterone
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Testosterone
◦ Hormone that produces male secondary sex
characteristics
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Body system that breaks down food into
nutrients that can be used by the body
Digestion
◦ Process by which food is changed so that it can be
absorbed by the cells
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Mouth
Salivary Glands
◦ Glands in the mouth that release saliva, which
contains a chemical that begins the digestion of
carbohydrates
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Saliva
◦ Fluid that helps soften food so that it can be easily
swallowed
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Esophagus
◦ When you swallow food, it moves here
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Bolus
◦ When swallowing food it forms this ball shaped
structure
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Peristalsis
◦ Series of involuntary muscle contractions
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Stomach
◦ Organ that releases acids and juices that mix with
food and produce a thick paste called CHYME (kim)
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Small Intestine coiled tube in which greatest
amount of digestion and absorption takes
place
◦ 21ft long and lined with villi
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Villi
◦ Small folds in lining of small intestine that increase
surface area and allow more food to be absorbed
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Enzyme
◦ Protein that regulates chemical reactions. They are
produced in the lining of the small intestine.
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Liver
◦ Gland that secretes bile to help break down fats,
maintain blood sugar level, and filter poisonous
wastes.
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Bile
◦ Stored in gallbladder (under liver) flows into small
intestine to help in the digestion of fats.
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Large Intestine
◦ (Colon) Tube extended from the small intestine in
which undigested food is prepared for elimination.
When it is full, it contracts, and solid wastes leave
the body through the rectum and anus.
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Rectum
◦ Lower part of the large intestine that temporarily
stores waste
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Anus
◦ Opening to the outside of the body at the end of
the rectum.
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Body system that covers and protects the
body and consists of skin, glands, associated
with the skin, hair, and nails
Skin
◦ Largest organ in the body
◦ Helps with removal of waste from the body
◦ Helps you sense your environment
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Melanin
◦ Pigment that gives the skin color
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3 Layers
◦ Epidermis
 Outer layer of skin cells
◦ Dermis
 Thick layer of cells below the epidermis that contains
sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands,
blood vessels, and nerves
◦ Subcutaneous
 Layer of fatty tissue located below the dermis
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Sweat glands
◦ Gland that aids the body in getting rid of wastes,
such as salt.
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Sebaceous gland
◦ Small oil producing gland that helps protect the
skin
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Sebum
◦ Oil produced by sebaceous gland
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Warts
◦ Contagious growth that forms on the top layer of
the skin.
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Acne
◦ Skin disorder in which hair follicles or pores in the
skin become plugged with sebum
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Pustule
◦ Dome-shaped lesion that contains pus consisting
of white blood cells, dead skin cells and bacteria
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Ringworm
◦ Skin condition that causes
small, red, ring-shaped
marks on the skin.
◦ Caused by fungal
infection and can be
spread by physical
contact
◦ Treated usually with
ointments and creams
◦ Severe cases may require
tablets
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Nails and Hair
◦ Nails
 Made up of dead cells and keratin, a tough protein
◦ Hair
 Dead threadlike structure consisting of dead cells filled
with keratin
◦ Hair follicle
 Depression on the surface of the dermis that contains
nutrients a hair needs to grow
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Body system that removes liquid wastes from
the body and maintains the body’s water
balance
Kidneys
◦ Organ that filters the blood and excretes waste
products and excess water in the form of urine
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Urine
◦ Pale yellow liquid composed of water, salts, and
other waste
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Ureters
◦ Narrow tube that connects a kidney to the urinary
bladder
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Urinary Bladder
◦ Muscular sac that stores urine
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Urethra
◦ Narrow tube extending from urinary bladder to the
outside of the body
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Stage of growth and development when both
the male and female body become capable of
producing offspring.
Estrogen
◦ Hormone produced by the ovaries that stimulates
the development of female secondary sex
characteristics and affects the menstrual cycle.
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
◦ Physical and emotional changes that occur during
puberty
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Consists of organs in the female body that are
involved in producing offspring
External Reproductive Organs
 Mons Veneris
◦ Fatty tissue that covers the front of the pubic bone and
serves as a protective cushion for the internal
reproductive organs
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Labia Majora
◦ Heavy folds of skin that surround the opening of the
vagina
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Labia Minora
◦ Two smaller folds of skin located within the labia
majora
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Clitoris
◦ Small highly sensitive structure located above the
opening of the urethra
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Hymen
◦ Thin membrane that stretches across the opening
of the vagina
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Ovaries
◦ Female reproductive glands that produce ova and
estrogen
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Ovulation
◦ Release of mature ovum from one of the two
ovaries
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Fallopian Tube (oviduct)
◦ Tube through which an ovum moves from ovary to
uterus
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Uterus
◦ Muscular organ that receives and supports the
fertilized ovum during pregnancy and contracts
during childbirth to help with delivery
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Cervix
◦ Lowest part of the uterus that connects to the
vagina
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Vagina
◦ Muscular tube that connects the uterus to the
outside of the body
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Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
◦ Combination of physical and emotional symptoms
that affect a female a week to ten days prior to
menstruation.
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Amenorrhea
◦ Absence of menstruation
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Pelvic Examination
◦ Examination of the internal female reproductive
organs
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Pap Smear
◦ Screening test in which cells are scraped from the
cervix and examined to detect cervical cancer
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Yeast Infection
◦ Vaginal infection caused by a fungus
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Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
◦ Severe illness resulting from vaginal bacteria
secreting toxin that gets into bloodstream
◦ Symptoms include fever, vomiting, dizziness,
diarrhea, fainting, and a rash similar to a sunburn
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Infertility
◦ Impaired ability to become pregnant
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External Male Reproductive Organs
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Penis
◦ Male sex organ used for reproduction
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Scrotum
◦ Saclike pouch that hangs under the penis and holds
the testes
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Sperm
◦ Male reproductive cells
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Seminiferous Tubules
◦ Network of coiled tubules in which sperm are
produced
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Spermatogenesis
◦ Process by which sperm is produced
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Epididymis
◦ Comma-shaped structure along upper rear surface
of the testes
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Vas Deferens
◦ Two long thin tubes that act as a passageway for
sperm and a place for sperm storage
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Seminal Vesicles
◦ Two elongated saclike glands at the base of the
bladder that secrete a fluid rich in sugar that
nourishes the sperm and helps them move.
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Ejaculatory Duct
◦ Short straight tube that passes into the prostate
gland and opens into the urethra.
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Prostate Gland
◦ Gland that produces a fluid that helps keep sperm
alive.
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Cowper’s Gland
◦ Located beneath the prostate gland.
◦ Secrete a clear lubricating fluid into the urethra as a
part of the semen.
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Semen
◦ Fluid that’s released by the reproductive tract.
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Erection
◦ Process that occurs when the penis swells with
blood and elongates. May be followed by
ejaculation.
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Ejaculation
◦ Passage of semen from the penis and is a series of
involuntary muscular contractions
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Circumcision
◦ Surgical removal of the foreskin from the penis
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Smegma
◦ Substance that forms under the foreskin, consisting
of dead skin and other secretions
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Inguinal Hernia
◦ Some of the intestine pushes through the inguinal
canal into the scrotum
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Digital Rectal Examination
Testicular Self-Examination
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Conception
◦ Union of ovum and sperm
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Heredity
◦ Passing of characteristics from biological parents to
their children
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Chromosome
◦ Threadlike structure that carries genes
 Female has 23 identical pairs of chromosomes
 Male one pair is not identical
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Gene
◦ Unit of heredity material
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Male – XY
Female – XX
Dominant Gene
Recessive Gene
Genetic Counseling
Amniocentesis
◦ Diagnostic procedure in which a needle is inserted
through the uterus to extract fluid that surrounds a
fetus.
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Amniotic Sac
◦ Pouch of fluid that surrounds a fetus
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Ultrasound
◦ Diagnostic procedure used to monitor the fetus
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Embryo
◦ Developing baby through the second month of
growth after conception
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Fetus
◦ Developing baby from ninth week after conception
until birth
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Placenta
◦ Organ that anchors the embryo to the uterus
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Umbilical Cord
◦ Rope like structure that connects the embryo to the
placenta
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1st Trimester (First 3mths. after conception)
◦ At the end of the first month, the embryo has a
heartbeat, two-lobed brain and a spinal cord
◦ By the second month the embryo is recognizable as a
human and is called a fetus
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2nd Trimester (4-7 months)
◦ Fingernails, toenails, eyebrows, and eyelashes have
developed. Teeth begin to form, lips appear, and head
hair may begin to grow.
◦ Movement of fetus can be felt by mother.
◦ Fetus can bend arms and make a fist.
◦ Heart can be heard by 5th month through stethoscope
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3rd Trimester
◦ Premature is before 37 wks. Full term 38-40 weeks
◦ Full term babies usually 19-21 inches long.
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Premature Birth
◦ Birth of a baby before it is fully developed – less
than 38 weeks from the time of conception.
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Low Birth Weight
◦ Weight at birth less than 5.5lbs
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
◦ Presence of severe birth defects in babies born to
mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy
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Miscarriage
◦ Natural ending of pregnancy before baby is
developed enough to survive on its own
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Childbirth
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Stage 1 – Dilation of the cervix
◦ Longest stage
◦ Varies considerably (2hrs-many hours)
◦ Cervical opening enlarges 8-10cm
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Stage 2 Delivery of the Baby
◦ Begins when the cervix is completely dilated and ends
with the delivery of the baby
◦ Crowning
 Appearance of the baby’s head during delivery
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Stage 3 Delivery of the placenta
◦ Expulsion of the afterbirth
◦ Afterbirth
 Placenta that’s expelled after delivery
◦ Apgar score
 Rating of physical characteristics of an infant at 1 and 5
minutes after birth. Another score is given at 10min. If there
are problems with the baby
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The way a person gains and processes
information
Visual Learner
◦ Learns best by seeing or creating images and
picture
◦ Take notes & review them often. Color code.
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Kinesthetic Learner
◦ Learns best by acting out something, touching an
object, or repeating a motion
◦ Role-play situations in which you recall facts.
Associate info from feeling or smell.
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Auditory Learners
◦ Learns best by listening or by discussing a topic
◦ Tape record info that you need to recall
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Global Learners
◦ Learns best by studying the big picture and relating
to personal experiences
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Goal
◦ Desired achievement toward which a person works
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Short-term goal
◦ Something a person plans to achieve in the near
future
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Long-term goal
◦ Something a person plans to achieve after a period
of time
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State your goal
◦ Write it down, be specific, share it with your
parents. Is the goal clear, realistic and achievable?
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Action Plan
◦ Detailed description of the steps a person will take
to reach a goal
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Identify possible obstacles
Set a timeline
Keep chart or diary
Build a support system
Revise your goal, plan, or timeline if
necessary
◦ Don’t give up on your goal, or lower your standards
Walt Disney: Walt was fired from the Kansas City
newspaper for not being creative enough and was
considered “slow” as a child. He is now considered
one of the best known motion picture producers
in the world, and holds the record for the most
awards and most nominations.
George Patton: Patton was most known for leading
the U.S. in World War II as an Army General. In
World War I he was a senior commander of the
new tank corps. He was deficient in reading
throughout his whole life and had to memorize his
lectures just to get by.
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Disorder in which a person has difficulty
acquiring and processing information
Dyslexia
◦ Person has difficulty spelling, reading, and writing
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Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
◦ Person is restless and easily distracted
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Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)
◦ Person is easily distracted and also hyperactive
 Hyperactive – not being able to sit or stand still for
long periods of time
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Tracking Disorder
◦ Person has trouble following or tracking an object
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1. Capable of learning
2. Can learn strategies that help them acquire
and process information
3. May need a tutor and/or special ed. classes
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4. Need support and encouragement from
classmates and family
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5. Can be very successful
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Gerontology
◦ Study of aging
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Gerontologist
What to know about aging
◦ Cardiovascular system
 Heart less efficient, blood doesn’t circulate as well
◦ Nervous system
 Reaction time slows, short term memory may change
not intelligence
◦ Immune system
 Becomes less efficient
◦ Respiratory system
 Lungs become less elastic, hold less volume
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Emphysema
◦ Condition in which alveoli lose their ability to
function
◦ Skeletal system
 Bones less dense
 Arthritis – painful inflammation of joints
◦ Muscular system
 Mass and strength decrease. Body composition
changes % of fat increases
◦ Endocrine system
 Hormone levels change
◦ Digestive system
 Metabolism slows and weight increases
◦ Integumentary system
 Skin becomes dryer and may wrinkle
◦ Urinary system
 Bladder size may decrease causing frequent urination
◦ Reproductive system
 Hormone levels decrease (testosterone, estrogen)
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Dementia
◦ General decline in all areas of mental functioning.
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Alzheimer’s disease
◦ Progressive disease in which protein plaque and
tangles form in the brain reducing nerve cell
connections, nerve cells degenerate, and the brain
shrinks in size.
◦ 3 stages
 1 – forgetful, lose interest, anxious and depressed
 2 – disconnected restless increased memory loss
 3 – disoriented, confused, completely dependent on
others
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Clinical Depression
◦ Long-lasting feelings of hopelessness, sadness, or
helplessness
◦ Exercise, therapy, and prescription medications are
used to treat this