Transcript Body Systems Notes - Northwest ISD Moodle

Body Systems Notes
EQ: What are the main functions of
the systems of the human organism?
The Circulatory System
FUNCTION:
Delivery system that moves oxygen and
nutrients TO the body's cells, and carries
AWAY carbon dioxide and waste materials.
Organs of the Circulatory System
•Heart
•Blood
•Blood
Vessels
Arteries: carry blood AWAY from the heart
Veins: carry blood INTO the heart
Capillaries: connect arteries and veins
Arteries
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•Carry blood away from the heart
•Have strong, muscular walls
•The inner layer is very smooth so that
the blood can flow easily
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
Veins
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•Carry blood to the heart
•Transport waste-rich/ oxygen-poor
blood back to the lungs and heart
•Valves inside the veins make blood
move in one direction
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
Capillaries
• Only one cell thick (very
small size)
• Connect arteries & veins
• Food and oxygen
released to the body cells
• Carbon dioxide and other
waste products returned
to the bloodstream
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/system
s/circulation.html
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The Circulatory System acts as a delivery system to
carry and deliver oxygen and nutrients to the
body’s cells and in return, picks up carbon dioxide
and wastes to be removed from the body.
•Respiratory System
•Digestive System
•Excretory System
•Nervous System
•Gas exchange: delivering
oxygen to the body (inhale)
and removing carbon dioxide
from the body (exhale).
–Gases are carried within the blood.
http://www.bbc.co.uk
The
diaphragm
is the
muscle
under the
lungs.
It contracts and relaxes to moves gases
(oxygen and carbon dioxide) in and out of
the lungs.
http://mhln.com
•Circulatory System
•Excretory System
•Nervous System
Function: Muscles enable the body to MOVE.
They also help the body maintain posture.
-Bones and joints have
no power to move on their
own.
-They are connected to
muscles to provide
movement.
-There are more than 600
muscles in the body
-35–40% of body mass
is muscle!
Image:
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Read Only….how does this all work?
Skeletal muscle movements are the
result of pairs of muscles working
together.
One muscle
contracts
while the other
muscle
relaxes.
Muscles always
pull; they
never push
Read Only….how does this all work?
2 Groups of Muscles
1. Voluntary—muscles you can control.
Ex: Arms, legs, hands, face
2. Involuntary—muscles you can’t
control; move automatically
Ex: Cardiac (heart) muscles, stomach, intestines
Organs:
THREE Muscle types:
1.Skeletal muscles
2.Smooth muscles
3.Cardiac muscles
Three Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal Muscle
Attached to the bones by
tendons
– Tendons—thick bands that pull on
the bone as the muscle contracts
Voluntary
Contract quickly, tire easily
Most numerous in body
Looks striped (striated)
Three Types of Muscle Tissue (cont.)
2. Smooth Muscle
Involuntary
Found in: walls of stomach,
intestine, uterus, etc.
Contracts and relaxes slowly
No striations
Three Types of Muscle Tissue (cont.)
3. Cardiac Muscle
Only found in heart
Involuntary
Has striations
Contracts 70 times per minute (heartbeat)
Muscular System works
closely with...
-Skeletal
System
-Digestive
System
Skeletal System
Main Functions of
Skeletal System
1. Bones are the
framework for the
body providing its
shape
2. Provides protection
to internal organs
(ribs, skull)
3. Blood Cell
production
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ALL Functions of Skeletal System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Framework gives shape & support to the body.
Bones (ribs) protect the internal organs.
Major muscles of the body are attached to the bones.
Blood cells are created in red marrow of some bones.
Skeleton is a place where major quantities of calcium and
phosphorus compounds are stored.
Each bone in your body is a living organ, made of different
tissues. Cells in bones take in food and use energy.
Blood Cell production
The adult skeleton has 206 bones
Babies have 270
bones! As the baby
grows, bones fuse
(join) together
resulting in a
decreased total
amount of bones.
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Organs of the Skeletal System
•Bones
•Joints (connect BONE
to BONE by ligaments)
•Tendons (connect
BONE to MUSCLE)
Joints
Any place where
two or more bones
meet (BONE to
BONE)
Ligaments: tough
bands of tissue that
hold bones together
at the joints
Tendons
Flexible connective tissue that connects
MUSCLE to BONE
Skeletal System
works closely with...
•Muscular System
•Nervous System
Digestive
System
Main function of the
Digestive System
Break down food into
smaller pieces to
convert food into
essential nutrients that
are absorbed into the
body and moves the
unused waste material
out of the body.
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Functions of the
Digestive System
1. Ingestion
=
Food enters
the mouth.
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Functions of the
Digestive System
2. Digestion = Process that
breaks food down into small
molecules
Mechanical digestion =
Food is chewed and
churned.
Chemical digestion =
Breaks down large food
molecules into smaller
molecules to be
absorbed by cells
Functions of the
Digestive System
Read Only
3.
Absorption =
Small molecules
of food are
taken into the
body cells.
Functions of the
Digestive System
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4.
Elimination =
Wastes made of
unabsorbed food
molecules pass
out of the body.
Large Intestine
Main organs of the
Digestive System
Mouth
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small and large
intestines
 Rectum
 Anus

Digestive System
works closely with...
Circulatory
System
The endocrine system is composed of glands
that release hormones (chemical messengers)
into the bloodstream to control body functions
such as growth, reproduction, and
metabolism.
• Glands:
–Pituitary
–Thyroid
–Adrenal
(kidney)
• Hormones
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The pituitary
gland produces
a growth
hormone which
controls
growth and
homeostasis.
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The parathyroid gland produces
parathormone which controls
calcium levels in the body.
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The adrenal glands produce
adrenaline in response to physical
and emotional stress (fight or flight).
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The thyroid gland produces thyroxin
to regulate metabolism.
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The pancreas produces insulin which
controls sugar levels in the blood.
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The testes produce testosterone used in
sperm production and the development of
male traits.
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The ovaries produce estrogen
used in egg production and the
development of female traits.
•Reproductive System
•Nervous System
Main function of
Excretory System
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• Kidneys filter (clean) blood to remove
wastes
– Urine
– Carbon Dioxide
– Sweat and Oil
ALSO:
• -Controls blood volume by removing extra water
•
produced by cells
-Balances salts and water so cells can function
properly
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Other Excretory Organs
•Skin = releases sweat (water and
salts) to cool off the body
• Lungs = release CO2 from the body
Main organs of the
Excretory (Urinary) System
•Kidneys
•Ureter
•Bladder
•Urethra
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Organs of the
Excretory System
• Kidneys = filter
blood that has
collected wastes
from cells
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Organs of the Excretory System
• Kidneys = filter
blood that has
collected wastes
from cells
– Nephrons = filters
inside the kidneys
– Produce urine
(sterile waste fluid,
96% water)
Read Only
Organs of the Excretory System
• Ureters = tubes that
lead from each
kidney to bladder
Read Only
Organs of the Excretory System
• Urinary bladder =
muscular organ that
holds urine
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Organs of the Excretory System
• Urethra = tube
that carries urine
from the bladder
out of the
body
•Circulatory System
•Respiratory System
•Integumentary System
Integumentary
System
-The name is derived from
the Latin integumentum,
which means “a
covering.”
-The skin, considered the
largest human organ,
covers the body.
Integumentary
System
Functions include:
1. Protects the body’s internal tissues
and organs
2. Protects against infectious organisms
and injury
3. Prevents loss of body fluids
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Additional functions include:
Functions include:
Regulates body temperature
through sweat and regulating
peripheral blood flow
Removes waste from the body
through perspiration
Generates vitamin D through
exposure to UV light
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Additional functions include:
Functions include:
Protects against sunburns from
UV rays
Stores fat for fuel and
insulation
Sensory organ with receptors
for touch, pressure, pain, heat,
and cold
Organs of the
Integumentary System
Composed of skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails
Integumentary System
works closely with…
Immune System
Nervous System
Functions of the Nervous System
-Sends and receives
messages to and
from the body to
coordinates all
actions and reactions
-Send messages as
electrical impulses
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Functions of the Nervous System
1. Sensory Input- Senses
2.
3.
send messages to the
brain.
Integration- The brain
interprets and
translates.
Motor Output- The
brain sends messages
to body.
Read Only
Central Nervous System
Maintains homeostasis by regulating vital
body functions such as breathing, heart
rate, hormones, etc.
Read Only
Peripheral Nervous System
• Sensory NeuronsCarry information
toward the central
nervous system
• Motor NeuronsSend impulses
away from the
central nervous
system
Organs of the Nervous System
•Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Organs of the Nervous System
Brain -
uses information it receives from
nerve impulses to coordinate actions
Organs of the Nervous System
Spinal Cord (Central
communication
system).
– Nerve center
– Messages are sent to
the brain through
the spinal cord.
– Exception: Reflexes
skip the spinal cord
and go straight to
Organs of the Nervous System
Nerves
(carry
messages
throughout
the
Body)
Nervous System works
closely with…
•Muscular System
•Respiratory System
•Endocrine System
Reproductive
System
Function of the
Reproductive System
• The major function of the reproductive
system is to ensure survival of the
species.
– To produce egg and sperm cells
– To transport and sustain these cells
– To nurture the developing offspring
– To produce hormones (Endocrine System)
Organs of the
Reproductive System
Penis and
Testicles
(testes)
Male:
Penis,
testicles
VaginaVagina,
and Ovaries
Female:
ovary, uterus
Reproductive System
works closely with…
•Endocrine System
Immune system
Function: The body’s defense against
disease-causing organisms, malfunctioning
(not working) cells, and foreign particles
(germs)
Organs Involved:
The First Line of Defense = Skin
The dead, outer layer of
skin, known as the
epidermis, forms a
shield against invaders
and secretes chemicals
that kill potential
invaders
- You shed between 40
– 50 thousand skin
cells every day!
Organs Involved:
The Second Line of Defense = White Blood Cells
(WBCs)
- If invaders actually get
within the body, then
your white blood cells
(WBCs) begin their
attack
- WBCs normally
circulate throughout the
blood, but will enter the
body’s tissues if
invaders are detected
Video
Make sure you have labeled organs as
shown in the following slides
Immune System