Transcript 325201563414pm

9
The Healthy Human Body
1. Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms
Define the following terms:
homeostasis
the condition in which all of the body’s systems are working
at their best.
metabolism
physical and chemical processes by which substances are
produced or broken down into energy or products for use by
the body.
organs
structural units in the human body that perform specific
functions.
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The Healthy Human Body
1. Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms
Define the following terms:
tissues
groups of cells that perform similar tasks.
cells
basic structural units of the body that divide, develop, and
die, renewing tissues and organs.
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The Healthy Human Body
1. Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms
REMEMBER:
Signs are what the NA actually sees, hears, feels, or smells.
Symptoms are not directly seen by the NA, but reported by the
resident.
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The Healthy Human Body
1. Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms
It is important for NAs to know these anatomical terms of
location:
• Anterior or ventral (front of the body or body part)
• Posterior or dorsal (back of the body or body part)
• Superior (toward the head)
• Inferior (away from the head)
• Medial (toward the midline of the body)
• Lateral (to the side away from the midline of the body)
• Proximal (closer to the torso)
• Distal (farther away from the torso)
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The Healthy Human Body
2. Describe the integumentary system
Define the following terms:
integument
a natural protective covering.
dilate
to widen.
constrict
to narrow.
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Transparency 9-1: The Integumentary System
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The Healthy Human Body
2. Describe the integumentary system
NAs should know these important points about the
integumentary system:
• Body’s largest organ and system
• Natural protective covering
• Prevents excessive loss of water and injury to internal organs
• Skin made of tissue and glands
• Skin is a sense organ.
• Regulates body temperature
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The Healthy Human Body
2. Describe the integumentary system
The following are normal changes of aging in the integumentary
system:
• Thinner, drier, more fragile skin
• Less elastic skin
• Thinning fatty tissue can cause person to feel colder
• Thinner, gray hair
• Wrinkles and brown spots
• Nails harder and more brittle
• Dry, itchy skin due to lack of oil from sebaceous glands
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The Healthy Human Body
2. Describe the integumentary system
Think about this question:
The orange box on p. 129 of the text describes some ways NAs
can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the
integumentary system. In what other ways might NAs help?
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The Healthy Human Body
2. Describe the integumentary system
NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the
integumentary system:
• Pale, white, reddened, or purple areas
• Blisters or bruises
• Complaints of tingling, warmth, or burning
• Dry or flaking skin
• Itching or scratching
• Rashes or discoloration
• Swelling
• Cuts, boils, sores, wounds, abrasions
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The Healthy Human Body
2. Describe the integumentary system
Signs and symptoms related to the integumentary system
(cont’d):
• Fluid or blood draining from skin
• Broken skin
• Changes in moistness/dryness
• Changes in wound or ulcer
• Redness or broken skin between toes or around toenails
• Scalp or hair changes
• Skin that appears different from normal
• In darker complexions, look for change in the feel of the
tissue or appearance of the skin (e.g., “orange peel” look)
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The Healthy Human Body
3. Describe the musculoskeletal system
Define the following terms:
bones
rigid connective tissues that make up the skeleton, protect
organs, and allow the body to move.
joint
the place at which two bones meet.
muscles
groups of tissues that provide movement of body parts,
protection of organs, and creation of body heat.
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The Healthy Human Body
3. Describe the musculoskeletal system
Define the following terms:
atrophy
the wasting away, decreasing in size, and weakening of
muscles from lack of use.
contracture
the permanent and often painful shortening of a muscle,
usually due to lack of activity.
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Transparency 9-2: The Musculoskeletal System
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The Healthy Human Body
3. Describe the musculoskeletal system
NAs should know these important points about the
musculoskeletal system:
• Human body has 206 bones.
• Two bones meet at joint (for movement). Joints make
movement possible in either all directions or in one direction
only.
• Muscles provide movement and produce body heat.
• Physical activity/exercise increases circulation, increasing
blood flow to organs and tissues.
• Inactivity can cause depression, pneumonia, constipation,
UTIs, loss of self-esteem, and blood clots.
• Muscles develop atrophy or contractures from inactivity.
• ROM exercises help prevent atrophy or contractures.
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The Healthy Human Body
3. Describe the musculoskeletal system
The following are normal changes of aging in the musculoskeletal
system:
• Muscles weaken and lose tone.
• Body movement slows.
• Bones lose density and become more brittle.
• Joints can stiffen/become painful.
• Height is gradually lost.
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The Healthy Human Body
3. Describe the musculoskeletal system
Think about this question:
The orange box on pp. 130-31 of the text describes some ways
NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to
the musculoskeletal system. In what other ways might NAs help?
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The Healthy Human Body
3. Describe the musculoskeletal system
NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the
musuloskeletal system:
• Changes in movement and activity
• Changes in ability to do ROMs
• Pain during movement
• New or increased swelling of joints
• White, shiny, red, or warm areas over joints
• Bruising
• Aches and pains reported by resident
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The Healthy Human Body
4. Describe the nervous system
Define the following terms:
central nervous system (CNS)
part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and
spinal cord.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
part of the nervous system made up of the nerves that
extend throughout the body.
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Transparency 9-3: The Nervous System
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4. Describe the nervous system
NAs should know these important points about the nervous
system:
• Control and message center of body
• Controls and coordinates all body functions
• Senses information from outside the body
• Two main parts: central nervous system (brain) and
peripheral nervous system (nerves)
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The Healthy Human Body
4. Describe the nervous system
The following are normal changes of aging in the nervous
system:
• Slower responses and reflexes
• Decrease in sensitivity of nerve endings in skin
• Some memory loss, more often with short-term memory
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The Healthy Human Body
4. Describe the nervous system
Think about this question:
The orange box on pp. 132-33 of the text describes some ways
NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to
the nervous system. In what other ways might NAs help?
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The Healthy Human Body
4. Describe the nervous system
NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the
nervous system:
• Fatigue or pain with movement
• Shaking or trembling
• Inability to move one side of body
• Difficulty speaking or slurring of speech
• Numbness or tingling
• Disturbance or change in vision or hearing
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The Healthy Human Body
4. Describe the nervous system
Signs and symptoms related to the nervous system (cont’d):
• Dizziness or loss of balance
• Changes in eating or fluid intake
• Difficulty swallowing
• Bowel or bladder changes
• Depression or mood changes
• Memory loss or confusion
• Violent behavior
• Unusual or unexplained change in behavior
• Decreased ability to perform ADLs
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Transparency 9-4: Parts of the Eye
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Transparency 9-5: The Ear
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The Healthy Human Body
4. Describe the nervous system
Think about this question:
What are the other sense organs in the human body?
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The Healthy Human Body
4. Describe the nervous system
The following are normal changes of aging to a person’s senses:
• Reduced vision and hearing (sense of balance may be
affected)
• Decreased senses of taste, touch, and smell
• Decreased sensitivity to heat and cold
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The Healthy Human Body
4. Describe the nervous system
Think about this question:
The orange box on pp. 134 of the text describes some ways NAs
can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to
their senses. In what other ways might NAs help?
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The Healthy Human Body
4. Describe the nervous system
NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the sense
organs:
• Changes in vision or hearing
• Signs of infection
• Dizziness
• Complaints of pain in eyes or ears
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The Healthy Human Body
5. Describe the circulatory system
Define the following terms:
systole
phase where the heart is at work, contracting and pushing
blood out of the left ventricle.
diastole
phase when the heart relaxes or rests.
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Transparency 9-6: The Circulatory System
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The Healthy Human Body
5. Describe the circulatory system
NAs should know these important points about the circulatory
system:
• Made up of heart, blood vessels, and blood
• Blood carries food, oxygen, and essential substances to cells.
• Heart has four chambers (two atria/upper chambers and two
ventricles/lower chambers).
• Heart functions in two phases: resting phase—diastole
(chambers fill with blood) and contracting phase—systole
(ventricles pump blood).
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The Healthy Human Body
5. Describe the circulatory system
Important points about the circulatory system (cont’d):
• Major functions are to:
• Supply food, oxygen, and hormones to cells
• Produce and supply antibodies
• Remove waste products from cells
• Control body temperature
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The Healthy Human Body
5. Describe the circulatory system
The following are normal changes of aging in the circulatory
system:
• Heart pumps less efficiently
• Decreased blood flow
• Narrowed blood vessels
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The Healthy Human Body
5. Describe the circulatory system
Think about this question:
The orange box on p. 136 of the text describes some ways NAs
can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the
circulatory system. In what other ways might NAs help?
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The Healthy Human Body
5. Describe the circulatory system
NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the
circulatory system:
• Changes in pulse rate
• Weakness or fatigue
• Loss of ability to perform ADLs
• Swelling of hands and feet
• Pale or blue hands, feet, or lips
• Chest pain
• Weight gain
• Shortness of breath, changes in breathing patterns, inability
to catch breath
• Severe headache
• Inactivity, which can lead to circulatory problems
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The Healthy Human Body
6. Describe the respiratory system
Define the following terms:
respiration
the process of breathing air into the lungs and exhaling air
out of the lungs.
inspiration
breathing in.
expiration
exhaling air out of the lungs.
sputum
thick mucus coughed up from the lungs.
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Transparency 9-7: The Respiratory System
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The Healthy Human Body
6. Describe the respiratory system
NAs should know these important points about the respiratory
system:
• Inspiration is breathing in and expiration is breathing out by
the lungs.
• Functions are
• To bring oxygen into body
• To eliminate carbon dioxide produced by the body
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The Healthy Human Body
6. Describe the respiratory system
The following are normal changes of aging in the respiratory
system:
• Loss of lung strength
• Decreased lung capacity
• Decreased oxygen in the blood
• Weakened voice
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The Healthy Human Body
6. Describe the respiratory system
Think about this question:
The orange box on p. 137 of the text describes some ways NAs
can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the
respiratory system. In what other ways might NAs help?
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The Healthy Human Body
6. Describe the respiratory system
NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the
respiratory system:
• Changes in respiratory rate
• Shallow breathing or breathing through pursed lips
• Coughing or wheezing
• Nasal congestion or discharge
• Sore throat, difficulty swallowing, swollen tonsils
• Need to sit after mild exertion
• Pale, bluish, or gray lips or extremities
• Pain in chest
• Discolored sputum (yellow, green, gray, or bloody)
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The Healthy Human Body
7. Describe the urinary system
Define the following terms:
urinary incontinence
the inability to control the bladder, which leads to an
involuntary loss of urine.
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Transparency 9-8: The Urinary System
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The Healthy Human Body
7. Describe the urinary system
NAs should know these important points about the urinary
system:
• Functions are:
• To eliminate wastes
• To maintain water balance
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The Healthy Human Body
7. Describe the urinary system
The following are normal changes of aging in the urinary system:
• Reduced ability of kidneys to filter blood
• Weakened bladder muscle tone
• Bladder holds less urine causing more frequent urination
• Bladder may not empty completely, causing more
susceptibility to infection
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The Healthy Human Body
7. Describe the urinary system
Think about this question:
The orange box on p. 138 of the text describes some ways NAs
can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the
urinary system. In what other ways might NAs help?
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The Healthy Human Body
7. Describe the urinary system
NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the
urinary system:
• Weight loss or gain
• Swelling in extremities
• Painful urination or burning during urination
• Changes in urine (cloudy, odor, color)
• Change in frequency or amount of urine
• Swelling in abdominal/bladder area
• Complaints that bladder feels full or painful
• Urinary incontinence
• Pain in kidney or back/flank
• Inadequate fluid intake
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The Healthy Human Body
8. Describe the gastrointestinal system
Define the following terms:
digestion
the process of preparing food physically and chemically so
that it can be absorbed into the cells.
elimination
the process of expelling solid wastes (made up of the waste
products of food) that are not absorbed into the cells.
fecal incontinence
the inability to control the bowels, leading to an involuntary
passage of stool.
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Transparency 9-9: The Gastrointestinal System
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8. Describe the gastrointestinal system
NAs should know these important points about the
gastrointestinal system:
• Digestion prepares food for absorption into cells.
• Elimination is expelling solid wastes.
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The Healthy Human Body
8. Describe the gastrointestinal system
The following are normal changes of aging in the gastrointestinal
system:
• Decreased saliva production affects chewing/swallowing.
• Dulled sense of taste may result in poor appetite.
• Absorption of vitamins/minerals decreases.
• Digestion takes longer, is less efficient.
• Body waste moves more slowly through intestines;
constipation is more frequent.
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The Healthy Human Body
8. Describe the gastrointestinal system
Think about this question:
The orange box on p. 140 of the text describes some ways NAs
can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the
gastrointestinal system. In what other ways might NAs help?
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The Healthy Human Body
8. Describe the gastrointestinal system
NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the
gastrointestinal system:
• Difficulty swallowing or chewing
• Fecal incontinence
• Weight gain or loss
• Loss of appetite
• Abdominal pain or cramping
• Diarrhea
• Nausea and vomiting (especially coffee grounds type)
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8. Describe the gastrointestinal system
Signs and symptoms related to the gastrointestinal system
(cont’d):
• Constipation
• Flatulence
• Hiccups, belching
• Bloody, black, or hard stools
• Heartburn
• Poor nutritional intake
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9. Describe the endocrine system
Define the following terms:
glands
organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones.
hormones
chemical substances created by the body that control
numerous body functions.
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Transparency 9-10: The Endocrine System
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9. Describe the endocrine system
NAs should know these important points about the endocrine
system:
• Glands secrete hormones, which are chemical substances that
control numerous body functions
• Hormones are carried by the blood to organs in order to
achieve the following:
• Maintain homeostasis
• Influence growth and development
• Regulate blood sugar levels
• Regulate calcium levels in bones
• Regulate body’s ability to reproduce
• Determine how fast cells burn food for energy
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9. Describe the endocrine system
The following are normal changes of aging in the endocrine
system:
• Decrease in levels of hormones, such as estrogen and
progesterone
• Less production of insulin
• Less able to handle stress
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The Healthy Human Body
9. Describe the endocrine system
Think about this question:
The orange box on p. 141 of the text describes some ways NAs
can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the
endocrine system. In what other ways might NAs help?
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The Healthy Human Body
9. Describe the endocrine system
NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the
endocrine system:
• Headache
• Weakness
• Blurred vision
• Dizziness
• Irritability
• Sweating
• Change in “normal” behavior
• Confusion
• Change in mobility
• Change in sensation
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The Healthy Human Body
9. Describe the endocrine system
Signs and symptoms related to the endocrine system (cont’d):
• Numbness or tingling in arms or legs
• Weight gain/loss
• Loss of appetite/increase in appetite
• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Hunger
• Dry skin
• Skin breakdown
• Sweet or fruity breath
• Sluggishness or fatigue
• Hyperactivity
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The Healthy Human Body
10. Describe the reproductive system
Define the following terms:
reproduce
to create new human life.
gonads
sex glands.
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Transparency 9-11: The Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
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10. Describe the reproductive system
NAs should know these important points about the reproductive
system:
• Reproductive organs and hormones are different in males
(testes, scrotum, testosterone) and females (ovaries, fallopian
tubes, estrogen).
• Reproductive system allows humans to reproduce.
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The Healthy Human Body
10. Describe the reproductive system
The following are normal changes of aging in the integumentary
system:
• Male:
• Decrease in sperm production
• Enlargement of the prostate gland
• Female:
• Menstruation ends
• Decrease in estrogen leads to loss of calcium, causing
brittle bones
• Drying and thinning of vaginal walls
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The Healthy Human Body
10. Describe the reproductive system
Think about this question:
The orange box on p. 143 of the text describes some ways NAs
can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the
reproductive system. In what other ways might NAs help?
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The Healthy Human Body
10. Describe the reproductive system
NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the
reproductive system:
• Discomfort or difficulty with urination
• Discharge from penis or vagina
• Swelling of genitals
• Blood in urine or stool
• Breast changes, lumps, or discharge
• Sores on genitals
• Reports of impotence
• Reports of painful intercourse
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10. Describe the reproductive system
REMEMBER:
Residents have the right to sexual freedom and expression. They
have the right to privacy and to meet their sexual needs.
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The Healthy Human Body
11. Describe the immune and lymphatic systems
Define the following terms:
nonspecific immunity
a type of immunity that protects the body from disease in
general.
specific immunity
a type of immunity that protects against a particular disease
that is invading the body at a given time.
lymph
a clear yellowish fluid that carries disease-fighting cells called
lymphocytes.
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The Healthy Human Body
11. Describe the immune and lymphatic systems
NAs should know these important points about the immune
system:
• Nonspecific immunity protects the body from disease in
general.
• Specific immunity protects the body against a particular
disease invading the body at a given time.
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Transparency 9-12: The Lymphatic System
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11. Describe the immune and lymphatic systems
NAs should know these important points about the lymphatic
system:
• Functions of system are to remove excess fluids and waste
products and to help the immune system fight infections.
• It is closely related to the circulatory system because lymph
fluid, after being purified in the lymph nodes, flows into the
bloodstream.
• It has no pump, but is circulated by muscle activity, massage,
and breathing.
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The Healthy Human Body
11. Describe the immune and lymphatic systems
The following are normal changes of aging in the immune and
lymphatic systems:
• Increased risk of infections due to weaker immune system
• Takes long to recover from an illness
• Decreased number and size of lymph nodes
• Decreased response to vaccines
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The Healthy Human Body
11. Describe the immune and lymphatic systems
Think about this question:
The orange box on p. 145 of the text describes some ways NAs
can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the
immune system. In what other ways might NAs help?
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The Healthy Human Body
11. Describe the immune and lymphatic systems
NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the
immune and lymphatic systems:
• Recurrent infections
• Swelling of lymph nodes
• Increased fatigue
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer.
1. Which anatomical term means toward the midline of the body?
(A) Lateral
(B) Proximal
(C) Medial
(D) Posterior
2.
Which anatomical term means the front of the body?
(A) Anterior
(B) Inferior
(C) Superior
(D) Posterior
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
3.
Homeostasis is
(A) Abnormal changes in the body systems
(B) The condition in which all of the body systems are working their best
(C) The building block of the body
(D) A group of cells that perform a similar task
4.
Which of the following statements is true of the skin?
(A) It feels heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure.
(B) It becomes more elastic as a person ages.
(C) It is the chemical substance that is created by the body and controls
body functions.
(D) The epidermis is the inner layer of the skin.
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
5.
One way a nursing assistant can help with normal changes of aging related
to the integumentary system is to
(A) Withhold fluids so a resident will not go to the bathroom often
(B) Clip toenails frequently
(C) Keep sheets wrinkle-free
(D) Rub lotion into red or irritated spots on the resident’s skin
6.
Which of the following is true of muscles?
(A) They provide movement of body parts.
(B) Two muscles meet at a joint.
(C) They produce toxins.
(D) They prevent contractures from occurring.
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
7.
How many bones are in the human body?
(A) 154
(B) 272
(C) 206
(D) 189
8.
When atrophy occurs,
(A) The muscle slowly becomes stronger
(B) The muscle increases in size
(C) The muscle remains the same size
(D) The muscle decreases in size
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
9.
The
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
10. The
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
basic unit of the nervous system is called
Spinal cord
Neuron
Brain
Cerebrum
three main sections of the brain are
Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
Cerebrum, central nervous system, cerebral cortex
Cerebrum, spinal cord, brainstem
Cerebrum, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
11. Which
(A) It
(B) It
(C) It
(D) It
12. The
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
of the following is a function of the nervous system?
pumps blood throughout the body.
helps the body take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
senses and interprets information from outside the body.
helps the body digest food.
eye and ear are part of
The nervous system
The integumentary system
The respiratory system
The reproductive system
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
13. The two upper chambers of the heart are called
(A) Left and right vein
(B) Left and right capillary
(C) Left and right atrium
(D) Left and right lung
14. During the resting phase/diastole of the heart,
(A) Ventricles pump blood through the blood vessels
(B) The heart begins beating rapidly until the next contraction
(C) The chambers fill with blood
(D) Circulation stops
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
15. Which
(A) It
(B) It
(C) It
(D) It
of the following is a function of the circulatory system?
senses and interprets information from the environment.
supplies food, oxygen, and hormones to cells.
controls and coordinates all body functions.
allows humans to reproduce.
16. Respiration consists of
(A) Intake and output
(B) Inspiration and expiration
(C) Systole and diastole
(D) Dilation and contraction
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
17. The
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
respiratory system is made up of
Kidneys, ureters, urethra
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Trachea, bronchi, lungs
Atria, ventricles, aorta
18. What is one way nursing assistants can assist residents with normal
changes of aging related to the urinary system?
(A) NAs should offer frequent trips to the bathroom.
(B) NAs should withhold fluids to prevent incontinence.
(C) NAs should keep residents from using the toilet too often.
(D) NAs should make sure every resident wears incontinence briefs.
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
19. Why are
(A) Due
(B) Due
(C) Due
(D) Due
females more likely to have urinary tract infections than males?
to the different location of the meatus
to having a shorter urethra
to not filtering blood properly in the kidneys
to incontinence
20. Which of the following is involved in digestion?
(A) Pituitary gland
(B) Oxytocin
(C) Kidney
(D) Saliva
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
21. What is peristalsis?
(A) An enzyme that regulates the body’s conversion of glucose/sugar
(B) The muscular pouch located in the abdominal cavity
(C) Involuntary contractions that help move food into the stomach
(D) The chopping and grinding of food by the teeth
22. What is the “master gland” in the body?
(A) Pituitary gland
(B) Adrenal gland
(C) Sex gland
(D) Parathyroid gland
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
23. Which gland secretes insulin?
(A) Gonads
(B) Thyroid
(C) Pancreas
(D) Parathyroid
24. What is the male hormone needed for reproductive organs to function
properly?
(A) Estrogen
(B) Progesterone
(C) Oxytocin
(D) Testosterone
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
25. A normal change of aging for the female reproductive system is
(A) The continuation of menstruation
(B) An increase in moisture of the vaginal walls
(C) A weakening of the voice
(D) A loss of calcium
26. The
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
yellowish fluid that carries disease-fighting cells is called
Sperm
Lymph
Urine
Blood
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The Healthy Human Body
Exam
27. How does the immune system protect the body from disease?
(A) Through nonspecific and specific immunity
(B) Through hormones
(C) Through digestion and elimination
(D) Through inspiration and expiration
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The Healthy Human Body
CHAPTER 9 PRACTICE
1. Homeostasis is
(A) Abnormal changes in the body systems
(B) The condition in which all of the body systems are working their best
(C) The building block of the body
(D) A group of cells that perform a similar task
2. How many bones are in the human body?
(A) 154
(B) 272
(C) 206
(D) 189
3. Which of the following is a function of the circulatory system?
(A) It senses and interprets information from the environment.
(B) It supplies food, oxygen, and hormones to cells.
(C) It controls and coordinates all body functions.
(D) It allows humans to reproduce.
4. What is peristalsis?
(A) An enzyme that regulates the body’s conversion of glucose/sugar
(B) The muscular pouch located in the abdominal cavity
(C) Involuntary contractions that help move food into the stomach
(D) The chopping and grinding of food by the teeth
5. How does the immune system protect the body from disease?
(A) Through nonspecific and specific immunity
(B) Through hormones
(C) Through digestion and elimination
(D)Through inspiration and expiration
9
The Healthy Human Body
CHAPTER 9 PRACTICE ANSWERS
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BCBCA-
The condition in which all of the body systems are working their best
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It supplies food, oxygen, and hormones to cells
Involuntary contractions that help move food into the stomach
Through nonspecific and specific immunity