Transcript BIOLOGY CLASS NOTES UNIT 9 Human Body CIRCULATORY and

Unit 9: Human Body
Part 4~ Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Mrs. Howland
Biology 10
Rev. March 2016
Lesson Objectives:
Learners will be able to…
• Describe the structure and function of blood components
• Describe how injured tissues release chemicals (positive
response) that activate platlets to carry out blood clotting
• Trace a drop of blood through pulmonary and systemic
circulation
• Trace a drop of blood through the heart
• Calculate pulse rate
• Compare and contrast arteries, veins and capillaries
• Apply the concepts of pressure and volume to inspiration and
expiration
• Calculate tidal volume and lung capacity
Circulatory System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
Heart
Blood (blood cells and plasma)
Blood vessels (veins, arteries,
capillaries)
FUNCTION: Transport oxygen and
nutrients to body tissues; remove
waste products (carbon dioxide,
etc.!)
Parts and Functions of the Circulatory System
Heart (pump)
Blood
Transports nutrients,
waste, hormones,
oxygen, antibodies
Vessels
(veins, arteries,
capillaries)
Circulate the blood
Composition of BLOOD
red blood cell
platelets
white blood cell
plasma
Red Blood Cells
Biconcave disc = round and flat
without a nucleus
Contain hemoglobin = molecule
specially designed to hold
oxygen and carry it to cells that
need it
Can change shape to squeeze
single file through the capillaries
White Blood Cells
Many different types
(Main types are lymphocytes and
macrophages)
All have a nucleus
Functions:
Fight disease by making
antibodies to destroy invaders
‘Eat’ and digest microorganisms
Make antitoxins to break down
poisons
Platlets in BLOOD
Platelets = Bits of cell broken off
larger cells that produce tiny
fibrinogen fibres to form a net
that traps other blood cells to
form a blood clot
Steps in Blood Clotting
Platelets send chemical signal that signals the
making of a special enzyme called thrombin
Thrombin turns blood plasma into sticky protein
filaments that form a clot
Blood Plasma
Plasma = liquid portion of blood
Composed of :
Carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, proteins,
minerals, vitamins, hormones,
Waste materials such as urea
Three Types of Blood Vessels
Arteries = Vessels that carry blood AWAY from
the heart
Oxygenated
THICK walls
Veins = Vessels that carry blood TOWARD the
heart
Located near skeletal muscles
Contain valves to push blood in ONE direction
Capillaries = Smallest blood vessels that allow
gases and nutrients to diffuse between blood
and tissues
Types: arterioles and venules
Types of Blood Vessels
This part of the diagram
represents the
capillaries in tissues
throughout the body
In the body tissues, blood in the
capillaries loses oxygen and picks
up carbon dioxide before
returning to the heart
Notice that
veins have
valves, while
arteries do not.
Veins
Valves prevent backflow
Close to skeletal muscle
to aide in movement of
blood
Fighting gravity!!
Pulmonary Circulation
Blood exits the heart from the RIGHT ventricle
through the PULMONARY artery
Blood circulates through lungs (picks up oxygen,
O2, and releases carbon dioxide, CO2)
Blood re-enters the heart in the LEFT atrium
through the PULMONARY veins
DOUBLE LOOP
The circulatory system is a double circulatory system
It has TWO PARTS
Lungs
The right side of the
The left side of the
system transports
system transports
deoxygenated blood.
oxygenated blood.
Body cells
DOUBLE LOOP
Pulmonary circulation
moves blood between
Lungs
the heart and lungs
Systemic circulation
moves blood
between the heart
and body tissues.
Body cells
Pulmonary Circulation
Blood moves from the heart to the LUNGS
(deoxygenated)
Blood returns to the HEART from the lungs
(oxygenated)
Exchange of gases in pulmonary capillaries
(IN LUNGS): CO2 and O2
LABEL THIS! Pulmonary Circulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Do you know: What happens to the blood in the lungs?
Systemic Circulation
Blood moves from the heart to
the BODY (oxygenated)
Blood returns to the HEART from
the body (deoxygenated)
Exchange of gases in capillaries
(IN TISSUES): CO2 and O2
Systemic Circulation
Double Loop
Can you identify the
parts of the circulation
double loop?
What would be an
advantage to this
pattern of circulation?
Where are the arteries,
veins, capillaries?
DIAGRAM: Double Loop
DIAGRAM: Double Loop
The HEART
The heart is a pump
About the size of two fists
Heart beats about 100,000 times in 1 day!
The heart starts beating 4 weeks after
conception
The heart has its own electrical impulse
Heart pumps blood to almost all of the body’s
75 trillion cells (corneas, epithelium, & cartilage
are avascular)
The Heart
These are arteries.
They pump blood
OUT of the heart.
These are veins. They
bring blood INTO the
heart.
Valves allow for
blood to flow in
only one
direction.
TWO (2) Atria
TWO (2) Ventricles
The heart has FOUR (4)
chambers
Coronary arteries
provide the heart
with its own blood
supply!
Heart muscle = Cardiac muscle
The heart is composed of strong, non-fatigable
muscle: cardiac muscle
How the heart pumps
Cardiac muscle formation in the heart allows for
the chambers to pump blood
THICK muscular walls
The atria pump at the same time
The ventricles pump at the same time
What is your PULSE?
HOW FAST your heart is
beating
PULSE is an artery’s alternating
expansion and recoil
PULSE is caused by pressure
exerted from the left ventricle
as it surges blood with each
heart beat
Usually measured as # beats
per minute
Where can you feel your pulse?
Locations in your body where large arteries are
close to the surface of your body
Pulse points
throughout the body
Which pulse point do you think
would give the STRONGEST
PULSE? … the WEAKEST?
Your PULSE
Pulse averages 70-76 beats per
minute in normal, resting person
Pulse is influenced by physical
activity, postural changes, emotions
SEPTUM
Heart Diagram from Textbook
BLANK Heart Diagram
14.
1.
2.
3.
13.
4.
12.
5.
11.
6.
7.
10.
9.
8.
Respiratory System
MAJOR STRUCTURES:
Lungs
Trachea
Larynx
Pharynx
Nasal cavities
FUNCTION: Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) gasses to/from blood
Parts of the Respiratory System
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottus
Trachea
Right and left lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Cilia
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Video: What do the lungs do?
https://goo.gl/cTZDXB
Respiratory System
DIAGRAM: Respiratory System
Pharynx
Bronchioles
VIDEO: See inside the lungs! https://goo.gl/Lr5ATz
DIAGRAM: Respiratory System
Parts of the Respiratory System
Nasal cavity = Warms, filters, moistens air taken in through the nose
Pharynx = Cavity at back of mouth; passageway for air and food
Larynx = Tissue folds (vocal cords) between pharynx and trachea
Trachea = (windpipe) Funnels air toward bronchi in lungs; epiglottis
prevents food from entering
Bronchi = Large tubes that send air from trachea into right and left
lungs (2 bronchi in the body)
Right and left lungs = Organs
Bronchioles = Smallest bronchial passageways inside the lungs;
surrounded by smooth muscle
Alveoli = Tiny air sacs in lungs; formed in clusters; surrounded by
pulmonary capillaries
Diaphragm = Large, dome-shaped muscle in chest cavity; increases
lung volume and creates partial vacuum for air movement
Cilia = Tiny hairs that trap and sweep away dirt and debris
Structure of trachea and lungs
Trachea and bronchi have rings of cartilage that
keep the airways open
Lungs have lobes that maximize surface area
Lungs are located right and left of heart
Capillary beds in the lungs
View of pulmonary capillaries
Exchange of Gases
IN PULMONARY CAPILLARIES: Deoxygenated
blood PICKS UP OXYGEN (O2) and releases
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
Exchange of Gases
IN PULMONARY CAPILLARIES: Deoxygenated
blood PICKS UP OXYGEN (O2) and releases
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) when you BREATHE
Breathing
Lungs EXPAND to allow for inhalation of breath when
you BREATHE
Steps in breathing
1) Air enters nose: filtered, moistened, warmed
2) Pharynx  Larynx (location of vocal cords!)  Trachea
3) Trachea  Bronchi (right and left lungs)  Bronchiole
 Alveoli
Breathing
Rib cage also expands to make room for lung
expansion
Diaphragm assists with inhalation and exhalation
Diaphragm
Diaphragm creates PRESSURE to the lungs to
allow inhalation (inspiration)
Acts as primary muscle for inspiration
How much can your lungs hold?
Tidal capacity = volume of
air (gas) your lungs can hold
when taking in a normal
breath
Vital capacity = maximum
volume of air (gas) your
lungs can hold when taking a
DEEP breath
What is a possible
advantage to lungs being
able to hold MORE air?
When might this be helpful?
VIDEO: Inflating cow lungs https://goo.gl/T5wGY6
Keeping the Lungs ‘CLEAN’
Mucus and cilia trap and sweep away dirt, dust,
microbes, and other debris
Diseases of the Lungs
VIDEO: Normal lungs vs. smoker’s lungs https://goo.gl/oHNiJL
Diseases of the Lungs ~ Bronchitis
Diseases of the Lungs ~ Cystic Fibrosis
Buildup of thick mucus leads to infection
Lung Infection ~ Bacterial Pneumonia
DIAGRAM: Respiratory System