Transcript Nuclear System

Human Anatomy
For Regents Biology
Digestive
System
Nutrition
• Nutrients: materials needed by living things for
energy and synthesis.
Organic
from living things
Inorganic
non-living
Autotrophic – able to make its own food
vs.
Heterotrophic – must get food from the environment
Digestion – breakdown of complex compounds into
smaller, simpler compounds (polymers to
monomers)
Adaptations for Digestion
• Protists –
simple diffusion
• Hydra –
gastrovascular
cavity
• Worms –
digestive tube
• Insects – tube
with folds
(gastric caeca)
Human Digestion
Alimentary Canal
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Rectum
• Anus
Accessory Organs
1. tongue
2. salivary glands
3. liver
4. pancreas
5. gall bladder
1.
Process of Digestion
Mouth – a. mechanical digestion – chewing
b. chemical digestion – salivary enzymes
begin carb digestion
2.
Pharynx –
pharynx-throat with:
tonsils and larynx
3.
Esophagus –
Esophagus- tube connecting mouth to
stomach
peristalsis: the rhythmic muscular contractions
that help push food throughout the
digestive system
Epiglottis- flap covering trachea to prevent
choking
Stomach
• A. mechanical digestion – peristalsis is churning food
• B. chemical digestion – acid and enzymes
– 1. glands secrete: a. mucus – protects stomach lining
b. acid - hydrochloric (kills bacteria)
c. enzymes – pepsin begins protein
digestion
Growling: peristalsis can occur
in an empty stomach, a
signal to the body to
eat something
Small Intestine
A. Most chemical digestion takes place here.
B. Absorbed in the small intestine: a. simple sugars
digested by:
b. fatty acids
carbohydrases, lipases
c. amino acids
proteases and nucleases
d. nucleotides
C. The lining of the small intestine
is covered with folds containing
millions of tiny fingerlike projections
called VILLI. This greatly increases
the surface area for absorption.
Villi – increase surface area
Accessory Organs
d.
Along with intestinal juices secreted by the walls of the
small intestine, other organs aid in chemical digestion:
1. The liver – produces bile which emulsifies
fats and oils
2. The gall bladder –
stores bile until it is
needed in the small
intestine.
3. The pancreas –
produces enzymes
needed for digestion
in the small intestine.
Large Intestine (colon)
A. Appendix – vestigal? Or preserving good bacteria?
B. Functions of the Large Intestine:
1. Absorbs Water
2. Home for good bacteria that produce vitamin K
3. Form stool (undigested food) for elimination
7.
Rectum - stores and
compacts feces
8.
Anus – end opening of
the alimentary canal
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=by_c7FWvUl8
• Why do you hiccup?
Why do you get brain freeze?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWcx9Sl6-AI
Transport
• Heart and blood vessels
The Circulatory System
The circulatory system is involved in transport.
1. The circulatory system is composed of the heart and its associated
blood vessels.
2. The heart is a muscular pump about the size of your fist.
3. The heart pumps blood throughout the body at a rate of 5 liters/min.
4. Blood vessels of the circulatory system include:
a. Arteries - carry blood away from the heart-Rich in Oxygen
b. Veins – carry blood back to the heart-Poor in Oxygen
c. Capillaries – micro-vessels between a & b
5. Blood carries oxygen, hormones and nutrients to all the cells of the
body. It carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from the cells.
6. Blood helps to regulate body temperature. It may be concentrated
where it is needed most under stressful conditions.
Ex. In a cold environment, blood will leave your extremities (arms and
legs) to keep your vital organs (brain, lungs, heart) warm.
Human Heart
• Heart Rate –
To measure how fast
your heart beats you
take your pulse. You
can feel the increased
pressure in your blood
vessel as your heart
pumps.
• EKG – a medical test
that measures the
electric signals that
stimulate your heart to
beat.
• Pacemaker – a
medical device that
sends a signal to
stimulate a more
regular heartbeat.
link
Heart and Circulation
• The heart has 4
chambers,
2 atria and 2 ventricles
• It pumps blood to the
lungs to get oxygen
• It pumps blood to the
body cells to give:
Oxygen, nutrients,
and hormones
• It is composed of
cardiac muscle
Why do you blush?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIu8Cs
f7-j0
Blood Functions
1.Transport
Nutrientsfood for cells
GasesO2 in and
CO2 out
Hormonesadrenaline
and
testosterone
2. Temperature
Warming – body
heat circulates
around (shiver)
Cooling – blood
at surface cools
off (sweat)
Maintains pH –
keeps a balance
of pH7
3. Protection
Clotting –stops
the bleeding
Immunity – fights
off foreign
invaders like
viruses and
bacteria
(Pathogens)
Blood Cell Types
Red blood cells – carry O2 to all cells, has
hemoglobin to help carry O2. Disc shaped
White blood cells – engulf bacteria, attack
invaders, produce antibodies-all to fight
infection
Platelets – clotting to prevent blood loss
Are transported in a watery fluid called blood
PLASMA-90% is water other parts
are nutrients,wastes
Human Respiratory System
•
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•
•
•
•
•
Nasal passages
Pharynx/larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs
Diaphragm
Respiration
• Cellular Respiration – cells need
energy to do work. It is produced by the
mitochondria in the form of ATP
Mechanical Respiration
• Respiratory System
• Alveoli – air sacs that
make up the lung
tissue. They are the
site for gas exchange.
Lungs
Lung Diseases
• Asthma – spasms of the
bronchi which cause breathing
difficulty – often due to
allergies
• Bronchitis – inflamation of the
bronchi
• Pneumonia – viral or bacterial
lung infection
• Emphysema – chronic
pulmonary dysfunction often
caused by smoking
• Lung Cancer – uncontrolled
growth of lungs cells often
caused by years of smoking
Breathing
Human Respiratory System
• Nose
• Filters
• Warms the air
• Nasal Chamber
• Warms the air
• Epiglottis
• Flap that covers trachea
• Prevents choking
• Trachea
• Lined with cilia to filter the air
• Bronchi
• 2 of them-lined with cilia to filter air
• Bronchioles
• Thinner tubes off of the bronchi
• Lung
• Filled with alveoli- air sacs
• Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli
• 300 million alveoli
• Diaphragm
• Muscle at the bottom of the lungs
• Inhale-diaphragm pulls down
• Exhale-diaphragm moves up
• Capillary• Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with the
Alveoli
• Alveoli• Grape like sacs in lungs where gases get
exchanged
Why do we yawn?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVY5y
mCkYjc
Skeletal Muscular System
Bones
• Dense, hard connective
tissue consisting of living
cells that produce:
– Hard calcium deposits
– Blood cells
• Give support and structure
and levers for movement
with muscle attachment
Cartilage
• Flexible connective
tissue found in the
embryo skeleton
before hardening
into bones.
• Found in adults at
the joints, ribcage,
ears and nose
Muscle Types
• Skeletal – striated, voluntary, used for
movement.
• Smooth – non-striated, involuntary, found
lining the digestive tube
• Cardiac – striated, involuntary, does not
fatigue
Muscles and Bones
• Connected by
– Tendons – connects muscles to bones
can withstand tension but still flexible
– Ligaments – strong,
fibrous tissue that
connects bones to
other bones
Muscle Pairs
• Muscles cannot
contract so they
develop in pairs
called
• FLEXORS
ex. Biceps
• EXTENSORS
ex. Triceps
Immunitythe bodies ability to fight off disease
Immunity
• Disease is the failure of Homeostasis
- Causes of disease
1. Pathogens –disease causing agent.
a . Virus -needs a host to survive.
Does not have all the organelles to survive
on its own.
b. Bacteria
c . Fungus
S1
2. Inheritance
3. Toxic substances- chemicals
4. Poor diet
5. Organ malfunction
6. Personal behavior
7. Radiation
S2
• Antigen- any substance capable of
stimulating an immune response (pathogen)
• Antibody-proteins in the blood that attack
antigens or pathogens-Antibodies
are produced by White Blood Cells (WBC)
• Antibiotic-
A Drug (medicine) to treat bacterial
infections-1st discovered in 1928-Penicillin
S3
Defense System
• 1st line of defense – Physical barriers that prevent
invaders from entering the body tissues
– Examples:
- skin
- mucus membranes, nose hairs
-stomach acid (HCL)
-tears, ear wax
• 2nd line of defense – non-specific (general)
– White Blood cells engulf bacteria
– Increased heart rate- so white blood cells can
get to infection more quickly
– Inflammation-redness, fever, swelling, puss
S4
Barriers
Inflammation
white blood cells that eat
– 3rd line of defense –Immune System
– Antibodies and lymphocytes (T-cells, B-Cells)
are produced to fight the infection. B and T cells are
produced in the Thymus,Spleen,Tonsils,Bone Marrow
and Lymph nodes.
– Immune reactions occur between antibodies and
antigens when the immune system defends itself
against invading organisms.
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
Organ transplant rejection
Chicken Pox
Colds
S5
Types of Immunity
• Active Immunity- the body makes its own antibodies
to a particular antigen usually as a result of having the
disease (chicken pox). This usually last a long time.
– Vaccination- injection of a dead or weakened form
of the disease causing microorganism. This can
stimulate antibody production.
• Passive Immunity-Temporary immunity to a
disease produced by the injection of antibodies
(produced by another person or animal) into the body.
– People exposed to hepatitis are given an
injection containing antibodies
– Mother passes immunity onto her baby. Lasts
about 2 months. Breast fed babies get moms
immunities as well.
S6
Immune Disorders
• Allergies – an abnormal
immune response to a
normal or beneficial
substance.
– examples: pollen, cat or
dog hair, peanut butter,
bee venom, dust, mold
• Triggers production of
Antibodies chemicals that attack the
antigen
• Antigen – any
substance that produces an
immune response
S7
Allergic Response
• Body produces histamines
which cause inflammation…
– Redness, runny nose, itchy
skin or eyes
• You can take an
anti-histamine which is a
drug to counteract the
histamine response
(Benadryl, Zyrtec)
S8
A.I.D.S.
• Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome
– Caused by the H.I.V. virus –
which infects the T2
lymphocytes.
• AIDS weakens the immune
system. Thus, the person
with AIDS usually dies from
an infection that the body
cannot fight off anymore.
S9
• Protecting you
• Antibiotics = medicine
– advantage
• kill bacteria that have successfully
invaded you
– make you well after being sick
– disadvantage
• use only after sick
• only good against bacteria
• possible development of
resistance by bacteria (if don’t use correctly)
• can get sick again
Excretion – getting rid of
Wastes
Organs of Excretion: lungs,
sweat glands, liver and
kidneys
Carbon Dioxide Excretion
The lungs remove
carbon dioxide
Sweat glands in skin remove
which wastes?
• Water
• Salt
• and
• Urea
• By perspiration
• Also maintains
temperature
The Liver removes
1. Purifies the Blood
2. Removes excess waste products
3. Recycles worn out blood cells
4. Nitrogenous compounds are broken down
into urea and taken by the bloodstream to
the kidneys
Kidneys mainly dispose of:
• There are two
Kidneys on the left
and right
• Excretes urea, salt
and excess water
• Maintains
homeostasis by
regulating the
balance of fluid in
the body
The main unit of kidney function is the Nephron
• There are 1.25 million
units in each kidney
• 2 things happen:
• a.-. water, salt, urea and
amino acids leave
b. Some water, salt, a.a.
come back into the
blood
– NOT UREA (toxic)
This is a FILTER
Regulation
• Two systems are mainly responsible for
regulation in the human body.
1. _________________ controls
voluntary and involuntary functions by
nerve impulse conduction (electric signals)
2. __________________ controls many
functions of the body through chemical
signals (hormones)
Nervous System Regulation
• The nervous system
consists of _____
main organ systems
– the _________
nervous system which
includes the _______
and ________ cord
– The
________________
nervous system which
includes all the other
nerves of the body.
The Neuron
• Cells of the nervous system are called
__________. Three types are…
• ______________ – receive input from an
external or internal stimulus (change in the
environment).
• ______________ – transfer and interpret
information received by the sensory neurons.
• ______________ – transfer signals to muscles
or organs to initiate a response to the stimulus
The Neuron
The Synapse
• Chemical messengers called ______________
are released by one neuron in order to relay the
message to the next neuron.
The Brain
• ___________ is the
most primative part of
the brain similar in all
animals. It controls
things like breathing
and heartbeat.
• __________ controls
balance and coordination, physical
movement.
• ___________ controls
the higher functions
like learning and
memory.
Human Reproductive Systems
Human Reproductive Systems
• Front view
Side view
Human Menstrual Cycle
Feedback – the production
of one hormone
influences the production
of other hormones, either
in a positive or negative
feedback
Feedback Mechanism
• A Feedback Mechanism – is when the production of
one hormone influences the production of other
hormones, either in a positive or negative feedback
• The endocrine system uses a Feedback Mechanism
to regulate the amount of hormones or chemical
messages in the blood.
• This is basically a way of turning on or off the
production of hormones in the body and maintaining
Homeostasis or a steady state.
• When levels of one hormone or any chemical in the
blood are to high or low it will trigger another
hormone to be produced to help balance the
chemical or hormone that is off.
Glucose Regulation in the Blood
• Is controlled by the pancreas and the liver
• It involves a Feedback Mechanism
• When glucose levels are to high (after you eat)
the Pancreas will secrete the hormone Insulin
that signals the liver and muscle cells to absorb
the extra glucose in the blood and store it.
• When glucose levels are to low (during periods
of exercise) the Pancreas secretes Glucagon
that signals the liver to release glucose back into
the blood.
Glucose Regulation