Transcript File

S4 Biology
Transport Systems
(Animals)
Learning Intentions
1.
Relationship between Cells, Tissues, Organs & Systems
2.
What is transported in the Respiratory System and how
is it transported?
3.
What is transported in the Circulatory System and how
is it transported?
4.
What does each type of blood vessel transport?
5.
What is transported in the Digestive System and how is
it transported?
6.
State the effects of different lifestyle choices on
Animal Transport Systems
1a) Cells, Tissues, Organs, & Body Systems
Cells working together form Tissues (e.g. cardiac cells work together to make cardiac tissue)
Tissues can then work together to form Organs. (e.g. cardiac tissue work together to make the heart)
Organs work together to form a Body System (e.g. the heart, lungs & blood work together to make the Circulatory System)
1b) Body Tissues
1c) Body Organs
1d) Function of Body Organs
Body Organ
Function
Brain
Controls all body activities
Heart
Pumps blood around the body
Lungs
Take in Oxygen
Remove Carbon Dioxide
Kidney
Filters the blood
Reabsorbs useful substances
from the blood
Small Intestine
Absorbs digested food
1e) Body Systems
1
2
3
4
5
Guess which diagram is the:Muscular System
Digestive System
Skeletal System
Circulatory System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
6
1f) Function of Body Systems
Body System
Function
Skeletal System
Protection, Movement, Support
Muscular System
Movement
Respiratory System
Gas Exchange (Oxygen in, Carbon Dioxide out)
Circulatory System
Pump blood to deliver Oxygen & Glucose & to
pick up Carbon Dioxide
Digestive System
Absorbs digested food
Nervous System
To send messages from sense organs to the
brain
Endocrine System
To release hormones which regulate body
processes
2a) Transport in the Respiratory System
Gases are transported in the Respiratory System
Intercostal muscles contract
Ribs cage raises
Diaphragm lowers
Lungs inflate
Volume increases, pressure decreases
Air is drawn into lungs
Intercostal muscles relax
Ribs cage lowers
Diaphragm raises
Lungs deflate
Volume decreases, pressure increases
Air is forced out of the lungs
Matching
Cards
Activity
2b) Respiratory System Structure
Bitesize Lung Video (3:00)
2c) Respiratory System Micro-Structures
Goblet cells in the Trachea & Bronchi produce mucus to
trap dirt and germs
Cilia in the Trachea & Bronchi are tiny hairs that sweep the
mucus, dirt & germs up to the mouth to prevent them
harming the lungs
2d) Respiratory System & Efficiency
Gas exchange in an Alveoli (air sacs)
The lungs are efficient at gas exchange
because:1. The lungs have lots of air sacs which
gives a large surface area for gas
exchange
2. There are lots of thin walled blood
capillaries to transport gases
3. The lungs are moist to allow gases to
dissolve
Twig Lungs video (2:31)
Oxygen moves by diffusion from a region
of high concentration (in the sir sac) to a
region of lower concentration (in the
blood capillary).
Carbon Dioxide moves by diffusion from
a region of high concentration (in the
blood capillary) to a region of lower
concentration (in the air sac)
3a) Transport in the Circulatory System
Blood is transported
in the Circulatory
System.
The heart is made up of cardiac
muscle tissue.
The 4 chambers of the heart
are:Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
The right ventricle pumps blood
to the lungs.
The left ventricle pumps blood
to the WHOLE BODY!
Therefore the muscle of the
left ventricle is much thicker
than the right ventricle muscle
Twig Heart video (2:48)
Bitesize Heart Dissection (4:06)
3b) Pathway in the Circulatory System
Pathway of Blood
1. Blood from the Body
2. Vena cava vein
3. Right Atrium
4. Right Ventricle
5. Pulmonary Artery
6. LUNGS
7. Pulmonary Vein
8. Left Atrium
9. Left Ventricle
10. Aorta artery
11. Blood to the Body
12. Arteries
13. Capillaries
14. Veins
Vena Cava Vein
Matching
Cards
Activity
3c) Heart Structure
Semi-lunar Valves
Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid Valve
Valves STOP the blood from flowing backwards
Bitesize Heart Function (0:40)
Bitesize animation of heart
3d) Coronary Arteries
Coronary Arteries supply the heart muscle with blood containing oxygen
and nutrients (e.g. glucose)
Coronary Veins take carbon dioxide and wastes away from the heart
4a) Role of Blood Vessels
Pulmonary artery
Vena cava
Hepatic vein
Hepatic portal vein
Veins carry blood FROM
the BODY to the HEART.
Twig Video: Blood & Vessels (2:49)
Pulmonary vein
Aorta
Hepatic artery
Mesenteric artery
Arteries carry blood
AWAY FROM the HEART
TO the BODY
4b) Role of Blood Vessels in Transportation
The three types of blood vessel are Arteries, Capillaries &
Veins
Arteries divide up into capillaries, then capillaries join up
to make Veins
Bitesize Animation
Blood Vessel
Models
4c) Arteries, Capillaries & Veins
Thin walled
(only 1 cell
thick)
Thick
muscular
wall
Arteries
•
•
•
•
•
thick muscular walls
a narrow channel
carry blood under
high pressure AWAY
from the heart
a pulse indicates that
blood is flowing
through an artery
Arteries carry
Oxygen and nutrients
Capillaries
•
•
•
•
thin walled to allow
exchange of gas, food
and wastes
Capillaries form
networks through organs
and tissues and have a
large surface area
Oxygen leaves capillaries
and enters tissues/cells
Carbon Dioxide leaves
tissues/cells and enters
capillaries
Valves to stop
blood flowing
backwards
Veins
•
•
•
Veins thin muscular
walls and a wide
channel and carry
blood under low
pressure TO the
heart
Veins contain valves
to prevent blood
flowing backwards
Veins carry Carbon
Dioxide and Wastes
4d) Composition of Blood
Red Blood Cells
Carry Oxygen
White Blood Cells
Help to fight infection
Platelets
Help the blood to clot
Plasma
Carries nutrients, carbon dioxide,
and wastes
4e) Red Blood Cells & Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is the oxygen carrying pigment
found inside red blood cells.
Deoxygenated Blood
Haemoglobin binds with oxygen at a high
concentration (in the lungs) and forms
oxyhaemoglobin.
Haemoglobin + Oxygen → Oxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin releases oxygen (in the cells)
where the oxygen concentration is low
Oxyhaemoglobin → Haemoglobin + Oxygen
The oxygen then diffuses into the cells.
Oxygenated Blood
5a) Transport in the Digestive System
Food is transported in the
Digestive System
Digestion is the breakdown of
large insoluble food particles into
smaller soluble food particles so
they can be absorbed through the
small intestine wall into the blood
5b) Transport in the Digestive System
Part
Function
Mouth (Teeth)
Mechanical break down of food
Salivary Glands
Produce Saliva containing Amylase Enzyme
Oesophagus
Transports food to stomach by peristalsis
Stomach
Mechanically breaks down food by peristalsis
Chemically breaks down food by producing Pepsin Enzyme
Liver
Produces bile
Gall Bladder
Stores bile
Pancreas
Produces Lipase
Small Intestine
Absorbs the products of digestion
Large Intestine
Reabsorbs water
Rectum
Stores faeces
Anus
Allows faeces to be eliminated from the body
Twig video: Intro to digestion (2:59)
5c) Food
Food
Group
Food
examples
Use
Elements Present
Simple Units
Carbohydrates
Bread,
Biscuits
Pasta
Energy
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Glucose molecules
Fats
Butter
Oil
Crisps
Heat Insulation
&
Energy Storage
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Fatty Acids & Glycerol
Proteins
Eggs
Meat
Fish
Growth &
Repair
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Long chains of amino
acids
Custard Power and Crisp Power Practicals
5d) Mechanical breakdown of food
Teeth mechanically breakdown food into
smaller particles
4 types of teeth are Incisors, Canines, Premolars and Molars
Incisors are for Piercing
(structures A&E)
Canines are for Gripping/Tearing meat
(structure B)
Pre-molars/Molars are for crushing and
grinding
(structures C&D)
Skull
Models
5e) Chemical breakdown of food
Enzymes are chemicals which help to breakdown large insoluble food particles into
smaller soluble food particles.
Type of
Enzymes
Example of
enzyme
Site of
Production
Substrate
Product(s)
Lipase
Pancreatic
Lipase
Pancreas
Fat
Fatty Acids and
Glycerol
Stomach
Protein
Peptides
Salivary
Glands
Starch
Maltose
Protease
Amylase
Pepsin
Salivary
Amylase
5f) Transport in the Digestive System
Food is transported through the
digestive system by peristalsis.
Peristalsis involves muscles
behind the food contracting and
muscles in front of the food
relaxing to allow the food to pass
through
Once the food is in the stomach,
the contractions of the stomach
help to aid digestion further by
mixing the food with enzymes
Marble &
Rubber
Tubing
Twig video: Stomach
(2:55)
5g) Absorption of Food
The structure of the small intestine is related to its function as it is very long, folded and
it has finger-like projections called villi (giving a large surface area for food absorption)
Villi are very thin walled, they have a lacteal and they have a good
blood supply.
Twig: Small Intestine (2:35)
Twig: Large Intestine (2:47)
Villi
Models
6a) Assessing Animal Transport Systems
Peak Flow Monitor
Measures the
FORCE of air out of
the lungs
Heart Rate Monitor
Measures the
number of beats of
the heart
Blood Pressure
Monitor
Measures the
PRESSURE of blood
when the heart
contracts and relaxes
Blood Glucose
Monitor
Measures the
concentration of
glucose in the blood
Physiology
Practicals
6b) Effects of Lifestyle choices
Body Systems can be effected by Lifestyle choices:-
Discuss/Research :-
Twig Balanced diet (3:09)
1. The effect of TOBACCO on the Respiratory System
Twig Cigarettes (2:28)
2. The effect of EXERCISE on the Circulatory System
3. The effect of LACK OF EXERCISE on the Circulatory System
4. The effect of a HIGH FAT DIET on the Circulatory System
5. The effect of a HIGH SALT DIET on the Circulatory System
6. The effect of STRESS on the Circulatory System
7. The effect of IRON deficiency on the Circulatory System
8. The effect of POLLUTION on the Respiratory System
Twig Alcohol & the brain
(2:58)
Twig Obesity (3:15)
6c) Effects of Lifestyle choices on:The Respiratory System
6d) Effects of Lifestyle choices on:The Circulatory System
6e) Impact on Transport Systems
Factor
Example
Impact
Life Style Choice
High fat diet,
High salt diet,
Lack of exercise, Tobacco,
Alcohol
Stress
Fatty deposits in blood vessels
Blood clots
Heart attacks
Strokes
Diabetes
Stress
Environmental Factors
Heavy metals, radiation and pollution
can affect body systems
Air pollution in cities can
affect the lungs
Radiation can increase the
formation of rapid cell division
(e.g. cancers)
Heavy metals (e.g. lead) can
inhibit enzymes
Genetics
Some conditions that affect body
systems can be inherited
Some types of cancers
Some types of heart defects