Transcript Packet 10 Classification F13(2).

Packet 10
 I am a type of bacteria cell that cause most dental
infections. I can survive in a wound that does not
contain oxygen. (2 words)
 Although I can catch flies in my trap, I still must
make my own food using the sun’s energy to survive
 I cannot make my own food internally and must eat
to obtain energy for life.
 I must have oxygen to survive.
 I am cell that contains a nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles.
• Prokaryotic
= no nucleus or membrane bound organelles;
simple cells
•
Eukaryotic = nucleus & membrane bound organelles
(cells are more complex).
•
Unicellular
•
Multicellular = organisms made up of many cells
•
Autotroph = make usable energy/food internally (i.e.
= organism made up of 1 cell
photosynthesis)
•
Heterotroph = needs to eat to gain energy
Classification of Living Things (Kingdom Characteristics)
Bacteria
Eukarya
Domain
Archaea
Kingdom
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom
PROTISTA
FUNGI
PLANTAE
Examples
Bacteria that live
in harsh
environments
(extremophiles)
Bacteria that live
in/on you, strep
and E. coli
Paramecium,
Amoeba and
Euglena
Mushrooms,
Mosses, Ferns, Pine
Mold and
trees, Flowering
yeast (unicellular)
Plants
Kingdom ANIMALIA
Sponges, Worms,
Insects, Reptiles, Fish,
Humans
Cell Type
(Pro or Eukaryote)
PROKARYOTIC
Number of Cells
(unicellular or
multicellular)
All UNICELLULAR
Cell Wall
(absent or
present)
Present
Present in some
PRESENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
Nutrition
(Autotroph or
Heterotroph)
Both (depends on type)
Both (depends on
type)
All are
All are
All are
Important Extra
Info.
EUKARYOTIC
Mostly
Mostly
UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR
ALL BACTERIA used to be classified Often categorized as
into one Kingdom called Kingdom plant-like, animal-like
Monera
or fungus-like
All
All
MULTICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR
HETEROTROPH AUTOTROPH HETEROTROPH
Called the great
decomposers
Carnivorous plants
Only kingdom in
(ex: Venus flytrap)
which all organisms
are still considered
lack a cell wall.
autotrophs.
VIRUSES are not living therefore they aren’t classified in any of the kingdoms.
Once we had all of these different types of organisms, scientists wanted to
organize or classify them. The classification system is constantly changing since
new organisms are found and we have new techniques to look at the differences
between the organisms. In the past, similarities in appearance were primarily
used to group organisms. Now with new technology, scientists are using
molecular evidence (DNA, RNA and proteins which are called
_______________________
biological molecules to group organisms.
Today, we classify all living organisms based upon a system that was
developed over 200 years ago by a by a Swedish botanist named
Linnaeus.
_____________
• Linnaeus wanted to create a system that organized all living things
into several broad categories that he called
Kingdoms
_________________________.
At the time, scientists thought that every living thing fit into one of
Plants
Animals
two kingdoms: _____________
and ______________
Taxonomy
___________________________
– the study of placing organisms in to
classification groups (or taxa) based upon characteristics that they possess.
Scientific technology is continually improving which allows us to see
more detailed differences between organisms. Over time, Linnaeus’s
classification system expanded to include more Kingdoms based on
these newly found differences.
Table 1: Changing Number of Kingdoms
Original division
Plantae
(written in latin)
1950-1990

TODAY
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Animalia
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Linnaeus’s original classification system was made up of 7 levels called
taxa (pleural form);
Linnaeus’s taxa (largest to smallest)
KINGDOM
____________________________ (the
broadest or largest taxon)
PHYLUM
_____________________________
CLASS
____________________________
ORDER
__________________________
FAMILY
________________________
GENUS
______________________
SPECIES
_________________(the
most
specific or inclusive taxon)
Example:__________________
HUMANS
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primata
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Each category continued to be divided into smaller and smaller groups
until the only one type of organism, called a
Species
_________________________________
was identified.
Kingdom  Phylum  Class Order Family Genus species
To be the same species the organisms had to:
Be able to reproduce
• ________________________________
Produce offspring that can have offspring
• ___________________________________________________
Similar organisms that may be the same genus but not the same species can
sometimes reproduce under artificial conditions. Two examples of interbreeding
between two different species are:
Horse
Donkey
____________+
_____________=>
MULE ………Mule x Mule = no offspring
Liger
Liger
Liger
Lion + Tiger => _______________
=> __________x__________=
no offspring
In the above examples, the parents are different species which results in their
offspring being sterile (meaning that when the offspring reach adulthood, they
are unable to have their own offspring).
Current Classification System
Domain
_____________________a new level (which is larger than a kingdom) has
been added to the current classification system. Based on new research,
all living things in the six kingdoms were placed into one of the 3 Domains:
Eubacteria
Domain Bacteria - includes all of kingdom _______________________
(also known as the ‘true bacteria’)
Archaebacteria (also
Domain Archaea - includes all of the kingdom __________________
known as the ‘ancient bacteria’)
Protista
Domain Eukarya - includes the kingdoms _______________________,
Fungi
Plantae
_______________________,
__________________
&
Animalia
_________________________
(all of which are eukaryotes
Fill in the correct taxa for the new (current) structure of the
classification system:
OMAIN
INGDOM
HYLUM
LASS
RDER
AMILY
ENUS
PECIES
Linnaeus also created a system of naming all living things called
binomial
nomenclature
____________________
_____________________.
According to this system, each organism should be given a two-word name,
SCIENTIFIC NAME
called a________________________________.
The same name is used for a species regardless of the language that a person
speaks or the region they live in.
LATIN
Most names are in______________________.
Rules for writing Scientific names:
HUMANS
Ex: The scientific name for _________________is
Homo sapiens
GENUS
The first word of each name is the organism’s ________________(i.e.
Homo).
The first letter of this name should always be capitalized.
The second word of each organism’s name is the ______________
SPECIES
_indentifier
(i.e sapiens). This name should always be in all lower case and written in italic
letters
 Phylogeny – Classifying organisms based upon their
evolutionary relationships.
 Cladogram or Phylogenetic tree a diagram that looks a bit like a
family tree, showing who the evolutionary relationships between
organisms.
 Each of these creatures has an evolutionary relationship to one
another.
 They all share a common origin, and their current forms are all
derived from branching events somewhere in the phylogenetic
past.
1.
Which animal is the most primitive? HAGFISH
2.
What features are shared by the salamander & mouse?
JAWS & LUNGS
3.
Does the hagfish possess a jaw? NO
4.
Why is the derived characteristic ‘feathers’ not written on
the main axis like all of the other characteristics?
BECAUSE ONLY BIRDS HAVE FEATHERS
jaws
hair
placenta
multicellular
limbs
kangaroo
earthworm
amoeba
lizard
cat
sponge
salmon
segmented
Derived Characteristics
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
A Cladogram can be constructed for any group of organisms.
 Use the chart below to construct a cladogram.
(+ = present; - = not present)
 A classification key, also knows as a Dichotomous
key, is useful in identifying unknown organisms (but is
not limited to being used with living things).
 Use the dichotomous key to identify the organisms by
their scientific names.
Organism A
Organism B
Organism C
Passer
domesticus
Ophiophagus
hannah
Pinus
ponderosa
Organism D
Monodon
monoceros
1a. organism with two or four functional legs . . . go to 2
1b. organism without two or four legs . . . . . . . . . go to 3
2a. organism without wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canis familiaris
2b. organism with wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Passer domesticus
3a. organism is unicellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 4
3b. organism is multicellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 5
4a. organism swims freely in water . . . . . . . . . . . Balantidium sp
4b. organism is anchored to substrate . . . . . . . . . Stentor sp.
5a. organism is heterotrophic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 6
5b. organism is autotrophic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 7
6a. organism lives in ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monodon monoceros
6b. organism lives on land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ophiophagus hannah
7a. organism is a tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinus ponderosa
7b. organism is an herb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taraxicum officinale
Examples of Protists
Structure
Function
Cilia
MOVEMENT
Oral Groove
WHERE FOOD
ENTERS
Adaptive advantage
CILIA HELP TO
SWEEP FOOD INTO
THE ORAL GROOVE
PREVENTS CELLS
FROM POPPING DUE
TO OSMOSIS
CAN SURROUND
Pseudopod
“FAKE FOOT” – FOOD ITEM AND
or
BRINGS IN FOOD BRING IT INTO THE
Pseudopodia
CELL
Contractile
Vacuole
PUMPS WATER
OUT
Food Vacuole STORES FOOD
Eyespot
SENSES &
ABSORBS
LIGHT
Flagellum
MOVEMENT
WHERE FOOD IS
BROKEN DOWN
BY ENZYMES
USES ENERGY
FROM THE
LIGHT TO
POWER THE
FLAGELLA
 While plants are very diverse, there are several





characteristics that they all share:
MULTICELLULAR(made up of many cells)
They are all _________________
They are all ______________
EUKARYOTIC their cells contain a nucleus &
membrane bound organelles
CELL WALLmade of
Their cells are surrounded by a ___________
CELLULOSE a large carbohydrate.
______________,
AUTOTROPHS that undergo photosynthesis (they
Are _________________
make their own food);
Their green color comes from a pigment called
CHLOROPHYLL
__________________.
General Overview
Plant Life
Plants Grow
Most primitive plants
Mosses
Ferns
most complex plants
Gymnosperm
s
Angiosperms
Flowers & seeds
enclosed in a fruit
Seeds
Vascular Tissue
Algae
(an aquatic
protist)
Cuticle (waterproofing)
4 Types of Plants
Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperm
s
Angiosperms
Flowers & seeds
enclosed in a fruit
Seeds
Vascular Tissue
Algae
(an aquatic
protist)
Cuticle (waterproofing)
• Plants are thought to have evolved from __________________
GREEN ALGAE
(an aquatic plant-like protist)
• To survive on land, plants needed a waterproof layer called a
____________________.
CUTICLE
•
NONVASCULAR VERSUS VASCULAR PLANTS
NON-VASCULAR
•Mosses are called _____________________
plants since they
do not have veins.
• These plants must grow low to the ground. They get their
nutrients and water by diffusion and osmosis.
• Vascular plants have veins (like the blood vessels in your body)
that allow for movement of material throughout the plant. Two
kinds of vascular tissue allow for this movement:
 ________________
- transports _____________
up from the
XYLEM
WATER
roots to the leaves.
FOOD/NUTRIENTS
PHLOEM
______________transports ____________________
down
to store & up to use.
A piece of celery has been placed into water with food coloring in it –
describe what you see:
There are strings in the celery (vascular tissue – xylem/phloem) that
transport the colored water up. You can see the spots of dye within
these strings.
Because of their veins, vascular plants are able to have true organs such as:
Organ
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Purpose
Absorbs nutrients & water from the environment;
anchors the plant to the ground
Allows plant to grow upright toward the sun
Acts like solar panels; absorbing sunlight needed for
photosynthesis.
BALANCE
 Plants maintain water ______________
by opening and
STOMA
closing holes called _____________
on their leaves. In
dry conditions or during the heat of the day plants can
close these holes to prevent water loss. If a plant has an
excess of water, then the holes remain open and water
can exit the leaves through the holes.
 Plants take in carbon dioxide and
release oxygen through holes on
their leaves.
CARBON DIOXIDE is
_______________________
taken in. Water has traveled from
ROOTS into the leaves
the ____________
and light shines down on the
leaves. The carbon dioxide, water
and light are all the necessary
ingredients for
______________________.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Glucose and
___________________are
products
OXYGEN
of this reaction. The oxygen exits
through the holes of the leaves.
Some of the glucose is converted
into useable energy for the plants’
life functions. The rest of the
glucose is used to build structures
inside of the plant.
Photosynthesis
CO2
(carbon dioxide)
+
H 2O +
(water)
light
C6H12O6 + O2
(glucose)
(oxygen)
Adaptation - In a tropical rain forest very little light penetrates
through the canopy of the trees down to the forest floor. An
adaptation of some of the plants living here are very large leaves.
Explain how large leaves is an adaptation for these plants.
LARGE LEAVES HAVE MORE SURFACE AREA TO CATCH MORE
SUNLIGHT SO THE PLANT CAN UNDERGO PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Modified Leaves
Photosynthesis
X
X
X
X
X
X
STAMEN – MALE PART
ANTHER – MAKES POLLEN
FILAMENT
STIGMA – STICKY TO CATCH POLLEN
PETALS –
ATTRACT
POLLINATORS
SEPAL
STYLE
PISTIL –
FEMALE
PART
OVARY – FORMS A FRUIT
OVULES – FORMS SEEDS
STEM
After Pollination occurs, a fertilized egg forms into an embryo
inside of aSEED
________ with 3 basic parts:
 __________
EMBRYO - another term for the baby (plant)
 _____________
SEED COAT - surrounds & protects the baby plant
 _______________
ENDOSPERM - the food that the embryo will consume to
survive until it is able to grow leaves and use photosynthesis
to make food.
Seed Germination
Plant Reproduction
Seed Dispersal = moving seeds away
from the parent plant to increase chances
of survival.
 Angiosperms have improved seed
dispersal by developing different ways
to spread their seeds further away from
the parent plant.
 The OVARY ripens and forms into a
________
FRUIT around the seed.
Angiosperms have evolved to produce
fruits of many shapes and sizes, each
with the purpose to help disperse or
spread the seeds
FRUIT = the part of the plant that
 _______
contains seeds.
Characteristics of seeds dispersed by:
 Wind & water -WIND = LIGHT; WATER = BUOYANT/FLOAT
_______________________________________________________
 Animals FRUIT EATEN & POOPED OUT, HOOKS/BURRS, TOUCH SENSITIVE
____________________________________________________________
Once seeds are dispersed, they often enter a state of dormancy, an
_____________ which increases a plants chance of survival:
ADAPTATION
 Factors that trigger a seed to end dormancy are: WATER
________ and TEMPERATURE
Function of Flower
Seed Dispersal
Plants grow, reproduce, and shift the
position of their roots, stems and
leaves in response to
environmental conditions such as
LIGHT, GRAVITY, TOUCH
_____________________
 A tropism is a plant’s response to
an external stimulus.
 Types of tropisms
PHOTOTROPISM
 ____________________– growth of
plant towards the light
GRAVITROPISM
 ____________________- direction
of plant growth in response to
gravity.
Plant Adaptations
Adaptations of Plants
Specialized Leaves
Nature Adaptation Series
Plant & Animal Adaptations
Plants-in-Motion (tropism)
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom
Animalia
 From the fossil record, we can determine that the first
animals appeared on earth approximately 1.2 billion
years ago. These first animals were very simple
organism, similar to the sponges still found in our
oceans today.
Animal Adaptations
No matter how simple or complex, all animals have
certain characteristics in common:
MULTICELLULAR which means they are
 They are all __________________
made up of more than one cell.
 They are all _____________
EUKARYOTIC which means their cells
have a __________
NUCLEUS (protects their DNA - genetic
information) and has membrane bound structures with
ORGANELLES
specialized jobs called ______________.
 They are all _________________
HETEROTROPHIC because they must
consume other organic materials to get energy (their
cells cannot make their own food).
All animals show similarities in body design and patterns of
development. Looking at these patterns suggests an
evolutionary relationship among all animals. The pictures
shown represent 9 different phyla of animals, each one
contains animals with similar characteristics.
Bilateral symmetry:
when there is only one
way to divide something
into mirror image halves
Radial symmetry:
parts arranged
around a central
point
Bilateral symmetry:
when there is only one
way to divide something
into mirror image halves
Radial symmetry:
parts arranged
around a central
point
Based upon this cladogram, what is the common
ancestor of all animals? ________________
A PROTIST
2. Which group of animals is the most primitive
(primitive = simplest)? _____________________
SPONGE
1.
Bilateral symmetry:
when there is only one
way to divide something
into mirror image halves
Radial symmetry:
parts arranged
around a central
point
Which group is the most complex?
___________________________________________
THE CHORDATES
2. Which group of animals is more closely related to the
Molluscs: ECHINODERMS or ROUNDWORMS (circle one)
1.
Like most organisms on the planet, through mutation
and natural selection, animals changed over time as they
adapted to new and changing environments. Eventually
early animals ventured onto land. This presented several
struggles: lack of support, water loss and new methods
of reproduction
 Vertebrate or Invertebrate: One feature used to
describe animals is whether they have a backbone or
not.
INVERTEBRATES
 Majority of animals are ________________________,
which mean that they do not have a backbone.
 Animals like us are VERTEBRATES
_________________ which means
that they have a backbone.
Jellyfish
Insects
The vertebrates can be divided up into 5 classes (or groups)
each having a unique set of characteristics:
HAS FEATHERS
LUNGS
BACKBONE
AMNIOTIC
EGGS
HAS FUR
Key
Characteristics
Body
Covering
Reproductio
n
Fish
Amphibia
n (frogs)
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
scales
Smooth
moist skin
Dry scaly
skin
Feathers
Skin, hair,
fur
External
fertilization
External
fertilization
Internal
fertilization
Internal
fertilization
Internal
fertilization
Complete
Metamorphosis
Lay
Leathery eggs
on land
Lay hard shelled
eggs on land
Give birth to
live young
3-chamber
heart
3-chamber 4-chamber 4-chamber
heart (most)
heart
heart
Aquatic Eggs
Development
Ext. Develop.
Heart
2-chamber
heart
Aquatic Eggs
Birds
Reproduction
 Most animals reproduce _____________
SEXUALLY which creates
genetic variation among offspring.
INTERNAL
 ________________________
- fertilization/development
of the egg occurs inside the body
 _______________________
- fertilization/development of
EXTERNAL
the egg occurs outside the body
Animals that rely upon external fertilization and/or development
typically lay 100’s to 1000’s of eggs. Why?
BECAUSE MANY WILL DIE
Most mammals have internal
development – baby develops
inside mom surrounded by a
PLACENTA
______________________
which
controls nutrient and gas exchange
between mom and baby.
Growth & Development
 Some animals like arthropods (crabs, spiders, insects)
must _______
MOLT or shed their exoskeleton in order to grow.
During this time they are vulnerable since they need to
wait for their new skeleton to harden.
 Animals use chemicals called _____________
HORMONES to help
cause changes needed for growth & development.
Some organisms, including grasshoppers & frogs, undergo
METAMORPHOSIS or a major change to become
______________________
an adult. There are two types:
INCOMPLETE
COMPLETE
Why might it be an advantage for the juvenile (tadpole)
and adult frog to live in different environments?
THEY WON’T COMPETE WITH EACH OTHER.
OXYGEN and release _______________________.
CARBON DIOXIDE
 Animals take in ____________
LUNGS
 Amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals all have ___________.
 There are many blood vessels within the lungs so the oxygen can go right into
the bloodstream for delivery throughout the body.
 Some organisms such as frogs and
worms can also breathe absorb oxygen
through their SKIN
________. The skin of
MOIST
these organisms must stay __________.

What do tadpoles use for gas exchange?
GILLS
________
HETEROTROPHIC which means
Animals are _______________________,
they must eat.
The typical digestive system of animals includes a
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large
intestine.
MOUTH/STOMACH breaks down the
 The ________________________
food.
SMALL INTESTINES main job is to
 The _________________________
absorb the nutrients from the food. There are
many blood vessels attached to the small intestine
so the nutrients enter directly into the blood stream
and are transported throughout the body.
LARGE INTESTINES absorbs excess
 The ________________________
water and creates solid waste. This system is
modified depending on an animal’s diet.
Stomach
 The intestine is the longest part of the digestive system.
It is not a smooth tube, but instead the inside surface is
covered with many folds (villi).
How does the surface of the small intestine help
with its function?
________________________________________________
THE VILLI INCREASE SURFACE AREA TO ABSORB
____________________________________________
MORE NUTRIENTS.
 Most animals have a
________________
CIRCULATORY system to
transport food, gasses and wastes
throughout the body.
 The circulatory system of many
animals includes a _________
HEART to
pump the blood through the
arteries, veins and capillaries.
 In larger organisms this network of blood vessels is necessary to
ensure blood carrying nutrients and oxygen makes it to all parts
of the body.
 As animals evolved and became more complex, they developed
more efficient systems for transporting material through their
bodies.
Heart
3 chambered
 Amphibians and some reptiles have a ____
ECTOTHERMIC
heart and are __________________
- rely on the
environment to maintain their body temperature.
 Birds and mammals have a ___
4 chambered heart and
ENDOOTHERMIC
are _______________________,
maintain own body
temperature internally.
 A 3-chambered heart would not work for humans because there
is mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood so both are sent
out to the body. This system works in amphibians because they
have another method of getting oxygen into their blood stream…
SKIN
using their ______________.