Transcript Ch_04-Hybrid_Terminologyx

CHAPTER 4
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
CHAPTER OUTLINE
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Terminology
Prefixes
Suffixes
Organ System
Terminology
– Cardiovascular
– Endocrine
– Gastrointestinal
– Integumentary
– Lymph and Blood
– Muscular
Organ System
Terminology (cont.)
– Nervous
– Skeletal
– Female Reproductive
– Male Reproductive
– Respiratory
– Urinary
– Senses (Hearing, Sight)
• Drug Classifications
• Medical Abbreviations
• Review
ELEMENTS OF A MEDICAL SCIENCE WORD
‘BASIC’
• Medical science terminology is made up of
combinations of
– root words
– prefixes
– suffixes
– combining vowels
• e.g. periodontic =
peri (prefix, meaning “around”)
+ o (combining vowel)
+ dont (root word, meaning “teeth”)
+ ic (suffix, meaning “pertaining to”)
• Root words originate from either Greek or Latin.
– Greek – diagnosis and surgery
– Latin – anatomy
Word Root
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Main part or foundation of a word.
Identify what part of the body a term is related to.
All words have at least one word root.
A word root may be used alone or be combined
with other elements to form a complete word.
• e.g. Gastr (word root) + itis (suffix) = GASTRITIS (complete word).
ROOT WORDS - EXAMPLES
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card
cyst
gastr
hemat
hepat
my
pector
neur
heart
bladder
stomach
blood
liver
muscle
chest
nerve
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pneumon lung
ocul
eye
derma
skin
ven
vein
mast
breast
oste
bone
nephr
kidney
ot
ear
PREFIXES
• Added before a word root or suffix to
alter its meaning
– hyper = excessive
• hyper/tension = high blood pressure
– an = without
• an/orexia = without appetite
– post = after
• post/partum = after child birth
– dys = painful, difficult
• dys/phas/ia = difficulty in speaking
SUFFIXES
• Added to the end of a word root or combining
vowel to modify its meaning
– -al = pertaining to
• dent/al = pertaining to teeth
– -itis = inflammation
• gastr/itis = inflammation of the stomach
– -oma = tumor
• melan/oma = black tumor
COMBINING VOWELS
• Sometimes a CV is added to make the
pronunciation of medical words easier.
• Sometimes a CV is added to connect
different word parts together.
• “O” is the most common combining vowel.
Combining Forms
• Correct pronunciation of medical words is very
important.
• In order to make the pronunciation of root words
easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel
after the root.
• The combination of a root word and a vowel is
known as a COMBINING FORM.
• “O” is the most common combining vowels
• e.g. gastr/o
Combining Words
• When a word has more than one root, a
combining vowel is used to link the root to
each other.
• e.g. osteoarthritis oste/ o / arthr/ it is
root word/combining vowel/root word/suffix
Hypoinsulinemia
• Hypo / insulin / emia
prefix/root word/suffix
Notice that there is no combining vowel in this
word because the prefix ends with a vowel and
the suffix begins with a vowel.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• The cardiovascular system distributes blood throughout the
body using blood vessels called arteries, capillaries, and
veins.
– Blood transports nutrients to the body’s cells and carries waste
products away from them.
• Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets, and plasma.
– Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport oxygen from the lungs to
the body and carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs.
– Leukocytes (white blood cells) fight bacterial infections by
producing antibodies.
CARDIOVACULAR SYSTEM
• The heart pumps blood through the
cardiovascular system.
– Blood pressure is reported in a two number
sequence (systole/diastole, e.g., 120/80).
– Systolic phase is the increased pressure when
blood is forced out of the heart.
– Diastolic phase is the decreased pressure when
the heart is not forcing blood out of the heart.
– A sphygmomanometer is used to measure
blood pressure.
.
Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express
written permission from the publisher.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ROOT
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aneur
angi
aort
arter
ather
card
cyte
embol
widening
vessel
aorta
artery
plaque
heart
cell
embolus
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oxy
pector
phleb
stenosis
thromb
vas(cu)
ven
oxygen
chest
vein
narrowing
clot
blood vessel
vein
Cardiovascular System
• Cardiomyopathy = disease of the heart
muscle
• Myocardial = concerning heart muscle
• Tachycardia = abnormal rapid heart action
• Phlebitis = inflammation of a vein
• Thrombosis = blood clot
• Hypertension = high blood pressure
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Consists of the glands that secrete hormones,
chemicals that assist in regulating body functions.
• Includes the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, the
thyroid gland, and the gonads (ovaries and testes).
• Pituitary gland: produces multiple hormones and is
located at the base of the brain. It controls the body’s
growth and the activity of the other glands.
• Thyroid gland: located just below the larynx and
releases hormones important for regulating body
metabolism.
The Endocrine System Cont.
• Parathyroid glands: located on the thyroid gland.
• Thymus gland: located beneath the sternum.
• Pancreas: known for its production of insulin and
glucagon.
• Adrenal glands: located on top of the kidneys and
produce such hormones as aldosterone, cortisol
(hydrocortisone), androgens, and estrogens.
• Medulla region: adrenal glands produce the
catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and
noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ROOT
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aden
adrena
crine
glyc
lipid
myx
nephr
gland
adrenal
to secrete
sugar
fat
mucus
kidney
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pancreat
plas
somat
tetan
thym
thyroid
pancreas
development
body
tetanus
thymus
thyroid
Endocrine System
• Hyperlipidemia = high fat/lipids in the blood.
• Hypothyroidism = a deficiency of thyroid
hormone.
GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT
• Contains the organs that are involved in the
digestion of foods and the absorption of
nutrients
• Organs include the stomach, small and large
intestine, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas.
• Several organs contribute to the digestion of
foods by secreting enzymes into the small
intestine when food is present.
• Ducts
– hepatic duct – from liver to duodenum
– cystic duct – from gallbladder to duodenum
GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT
• Not the same as the alimentary tract
– alimentary tract goes from the mouth to
the anus
• It contains organs such as lips, tongue, teeth,
salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and
anus, in addition to the GI tract.
GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT ROOT
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chol
col
duoden
enter
esophag
gastr
hemat
bile
colon
duodenum
intestine
esophagus
stomach
blood
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hepat
herni
lapar
orexia
pancreat
pepsia
phag
liver
hernia
abdomen
appetite
pancreas
digestion
swallow
Gastrointestinal Tract
Consists of organs that are involved in digestion of
foods and the absorption of nutrients
• Gastritis = inflammation of the stomach
• Gastroenteritis = inflammation of the stomach
and the intestines
• Hepatitis = inflammation of the liver
• Appendicitis = inflammation of the appendix
• Colitis = inflamed or irritable part of the
intestinal tract called the colon
• Hematemesis = vomiting of blood
• Diarrhea = liquid bowel movement
Alimentary Tract
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chol
col
duoden
enter
= bile
= colon
=duodenum
= intestine
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esophag
gastr
hepat
lapar
pancreat
= esophagus
= stomach
= liver
= abdomen
= pancreas
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Refers to the covering of the body and is the body’s first line of
defense, acting as a barrier against disease and physical hazards.
• Helps control body temperature by releasing heat through sweat or
by constricting blood vessels to act as insulation.
• It includes the skin, hair, and nails. Hair is made of keratinized cells.
Finger nails and toenails are also composed of keratin.
• The mammary glands, or breasts, are also considered part of the
integumentary system.
• The skin is composed of the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis
has no blood or nerves and is constantly discarding dead cells. The
dermis, which is made of living cells, contains capillaries, nerves,
and lymphatics. The dermis also contains the sebaceous glands,
sweat glands, and hair.
• The subcutaneous layer of tissue is beneath the dermis but is
closely interconnected to it. It separates the skin from the other
organs
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ROOT
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adip
cutane
derm(at)
hist
kerat
mast
melan
necr
onych
fat
skin
skin
tissue
hard
breast
black
death (of cells, etc.)
nail
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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Dermatitis = skin inflammation
Erythrodemra = abnormal redness of skin
Lactation = secretion of milk
Mastectomy = surgical removal of breast
Onychomycosis = fungal infection of nails
Pachyderma = abnormal thickness of skin
Subcutaneous = beneath the skin
Transdermal = through the skin
LYMPH AND BLOOD SYSTEM
• The lymphatic system is responsible, through its lymph
nodes, for collecting, filtering, and returning plasma
water leaving the blood vessels.
– center of the body’s immune system
– thymus, tonsils, spleen, and adenoids are
outside the network
• Spleen - responsible for removing old
red blood cells from circulation
• Lymphocytes – a type of white blood cells that attack
bacteria and disease cells by releasing antibodies
LYMPH AND BLOOD SYSTEMS ROOT
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aden
bacter
cyt
hemat
hemo
leuk
gland
bacteria
cell
blood
blood
white
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lymph
phleb
splen
sepsis
thromb
thym
lymph
vein
spleen
to putrefy
clot
thymus
The Lymphatic System
• Adenopathy = lymph node disease
• Hematoma = a collection of clotted blood
• Hemophilia = a disease in which the blood
does not clot normally
• Lymphoma = lymphatic system tumor
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Word muscles comes from mus=mouse; cle=little and
resembles a mouse moving under a cover.
• Muscles give shape and movement to the body.
– more than 600 muscles
– made up of fibers and attached to bones by tendons
• Voluntary muscles - action controlled consciously
• Involuntary muscles - operate automatically
• Agonist muscles - produce an flexor movement
• Antagonist muscles - contract or bring limb back to
original position
MUSCULAR SYSTEM ROOT
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burs
chondr
my
fibr
rhabdo
tendin
bursa
cartilage
muscle
fiber
rod
tendon
Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company.
May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without
express written permission from the publisher.
The Muscular System
• Fibromyalgia = chronic pain in the muscles
• Myoplasty = plastic surgery of muscle tissue
• Tendinitis = inflammation of a tendon
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The neuron is the basic functional unit.
• The brain has over 100 billion neurons.
• Central nervous system (CNS) – brain
& spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system – branches from
spinal cord
– autonomic nervous system controls the
automatic functions of the body
– somatic nervous system controls the
voluntary actions of the body.
Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express
written permission from the publisher.
NERVOUS SYSTEM ROOT
• alges
• cerebr
• encephal
• esthes
• mening
• ment
pain
cerebrum
brain
sensation
meninges
mind
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myel
neur
phas
psycho
somat
spinal cord
nerve
speech
mind
body
The Nervous System
• Encephalitis = inflammation of the brain
• Neuralgia = severe pain in a nerve
• Neuroma = tumor or nerve cells
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Protects soft organs and provides structure and support
for body organs
• Contains 206 bones
– axial (skull and spinal column vertebrae)
– appendicular (arms, legs, connecting bones)
• Ligaments and Cartilage - connective tissue that holds
together the skeletal systems at joints
• Joints range from rigid to those allowing full motion
(e.g., the ball and socket joints of the hips and
shoulders).
Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without
express written permission from the publisher.
SKELETAL SYSTEM ROOT
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arthr
carp
crani
dactyl
femor
fibul
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humer
lord
oste
patell
joint
wrist
cranium
finger or toe
thigh bone
small lower leg
bone
upper arm bone
curve
bone
knee cap
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oste
ped, pod
pelv
phalang
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rachi
scoli
spondyl
stern
• tibi
bone
foot
pelvis
bones of fingers
and toes
vertebrae
crooked, bent
backbone
sternum,
breastbone
large lower leg
bone
The Skeletal System
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Arthralgia = joint pain
Arthritis = inflammation of a joint
Carpal = pertaining to carpus in the wrist
Osteoarthritis = chronic disease of bones
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• The Reproductive System produces hormones (e.g. estrogen,
progesterone), controls menstruation, and provides for
childbearing.
• Contains the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and the
external genitalia.
• The mammary glands (located in breast tissue) produce and
secrete milk at childbirth.
• The vagina is a muscular tube that leads from an external
opening to the cervix and uterus.
• The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ.
• The fallopian tubes transport eggs from the ovary to the uterus.
• The ovaries are located on each side of the uterus.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ROOT
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cervic
condyle
eclamps
gynec
hyster
lact
mamm
mast
cervix
knob, knuckle
shining forth
woman
uterus
milk
breast
breast
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men
metr
ovari
salping
toc
uter
vagin
menstruation
uterus
ovary
fallopian tube
birth
uterine
vagina
The Female Reproductive System
• Gynecology = the study of the female
reproductive organs
• Amenorrhea = absence of menstruation
• Dysmenorrhea = menstrual pain
• Endometriosis = abnormal growth of uterine
tissue
• Vaginitis = inflammation of the vagina
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Produces sperm and secretes testosterone
• Primary sex organs – testes (testicles)
• Other organs
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seminal glands
vas deferens
prostate gland
penis
urethra
Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission
from the publisher.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ROOT
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andr
bala n
crypt
orch
orchid
prostat
male
glans penis
hidden
testis
testis
prostate
gland
• semin
• sperm
• vas
• varic
• test
semen
sperm
vessel, duct
varicose veins
testis, testicle
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• The Respiratory System brings oxygen into the body through
inhalation and expels carbon dioxide gas through exhalation. It
produces sound for speaking and helps cool the body.
• Respiratory muscles (especially the diaphragm) expand the lungs
automatically, causing air to be inhaled into the upper respiratory
tract.
• The pleural cavity surrounds the lungs and provides lubrication
for respiration.
• The pharynx directs food into the esophagus and air into the
trachea.
• The larynx contains the vocal cords.
• The trachea, or windpipe, connects to the two bronchi (bronchial
tubes) that enter the lungs.
– As air enters through the nose, it is warmed, moistened, and
filtered. Inside the lungs, the bronchial tubes branch out and
lead to the alveolar sacs that are the site of gas exchange
within the lungs.
• Alveoli are specialized tissues that are responsible for the
exchange of gases between the blood and inhaled air.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ROOT WORDS
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aer
aero
bronch
capn
• cyan
• laryng
• nas
air
gas
bronchus
carbon
dioxide
blue
larynx
nose
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ox
pector
pneumon
pulmon
respir
rhin
sinus
oxygen
chest
lung, air
lung
breath
nose
sinus
The Respiratory System
• Apnea = temporary failure to breath
• Bronchitis = inflammation of the bronchial
membrane
• Cyanosis = blue discoloration of the skin due to a
lack of oxygenation
• Hypercapnia = excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
• Hypoxia = low blood oxygen level
• Pneumonia = inflammation of the lungs
• Sinusitis = inflammation of the sinuses
URINARY TRACT
• Removes waste materials from the blood
• The kidney is the primary organ.
• The functional unit is the nephron. There are several million
nephrons in the kidneys.
• Urine is produced as plasma water and is filtered through the
glomerulus, the filtrate is then collected in the tubule.
– Waste materials from the blood may also be filtered into the
tubule or may be secreted into the tubule at sites other than
the glomerulus.
• Urine is the filtrate that moves along the tubule.
• Urine leaves the kidney through the ureters and collects in the
bladder. It is excreted from the bladder through the urethra.
URINARY TRACT
• Waste materials from
blood are ________ the
tubule.
– filtered into
– secreted into
– reabsorbed from
Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without
express written permission from the publisher.
URINARY TRACT ROOT WORDS
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albumin
cyst
glycos
keto
lith
nephr
ren
protein
bladder
glucose
ketones
stone
kidney
kidney
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ur
uria
uresis
ureter
urethr
vesic
kidney
urine, urination
urination
ureter
urethra
bladder
URINARY TRACT
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Anuria = inability to produce urine
Cystitis = inflammation of the bladder
Nephritis = inflammation of the kidney
Polyuria = excessive urination
Uremia = toxic blood condition caused by
kidney failure
SENSES: HEARING
• The Ears perform hearing, as well as the maintenance of body
equilibrium.
• The External ear functions to capture sound waves and channels
them inside the ear.
• The tympanic membrane (eardrum) is a funnel-shaped structure
with an opening to outside. It contains glands that make earwax
(cerumen) that protects the external ear.
• Malleus, incus, and stapes are three bony structures that transmit
sound from a vibrating tympanic membrane to the cochlea and
located in the middle ear.
• The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nose and
throat, serving to equalize the air pressure on both sides of the
tympanic membrane.
• The labyrinth is the principal structure in the inner ear is which
consists of the vestibule, the cochlea, and the semicircular canals.
• The cochlea contains the organ of hearing. When sound waves are
transmitted to the cochlea, it converts them into nerve impulses
that are sent to the brain for interpretation. The semicircular canals
and the vestibule are primarily responsible for body equilibrium.
SENSES: HEARING ROOT WORDS
• acous
hearing
• myring
eardrum
• acusis
hearing
condition
• ot
ear
• salping
eustachian
tube
• tympan
eardrum
• audi
hearing
• cerumin
wax-like
• labyrinth
inner ear
SENSES: SIGHT
The Eyes are the organs that provide sight.
The eyelids protect the eye and assist in its lubrication.
The conjunctiva is the blood-rich membrane between the eye and the eyelid.
There are several glands that secrete fluids to protect and lubricate the eye; the
lacrimal glands above each eye secrete tears and the meibomian glands produce
sebum.
Nasolacrimal ducts (tear ducts) drains excess fluid into the eye.
The eye has three layers. The outer layer is composed of the sclera and the cornea.
The sclera is the white part of the eye. The cornea is transparent so the iris (the color
of the eye) and the pupil (the opening of the eye) are visible.
The middle layer is called the choroid and contains blood vessels that nourish the
entire eye.
In the third layer, the lens focuses light rays on the retina.
The vitreous humor (one of two fluids in the eye) fills the space between the retina
and the lens.
Rods and cones within the retina they are responsible for visual reception.
The optic nerve within the retina transmits the nerve impulses to the brain for
interpretation.
SENSES: SIGHT ROOT WORDS
• ambly
• blephar
• conjunctiv
• come
• glauc
• irid, ir
• lacrim
dim, dull
eyelid
conjunctiva
cornea
gray
iris
tear duct
• ocul
• ophthalm
• opia
• opt
• retin
• stigmat
eye
eye
vision
eye, vision
retina
point(ed)
Senses: Sight
• Blepharitis = inflammation of the eyelid
• Conjunctivitis = inflammation of the
conjunctiva
• Retinitis = inflammation of the retina
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
• Drug class – group of drugs that have several
therapeutic properties in common
• Several classes oppose (means “against”)physiological
processes.
Antacid =relieves gastritis, ulcer pain, heartburn,
indigestion
Antianginals =relieves heart pain
Anticoagulants =prevents blood clots
Anticonvulsants =prevents seizures
Antidepressants =prevents depression
Antidiarrheals =stops diarrhea (loose stool)
Antiemetics =prevents nausea and vomiting
Antihistamine = blocks the effects of histamine
Antihyperlipidemia = lowers high cholesterol
Antihypertensive = reduces high blood pressure
Anti-inflammatory = reduces inflammation
Antipruritics = prevents or relieves itching
Antispasmodics = relieves intestinal cramping
Antitussive = relieves coughing
OTHER CLASSES
• Analgesic
an + alges + ic =
without pain, pain killer
• Hypoglycemic
hypo + glyc + emic =
reduces blood sugar level
• Hypolipidemic
hypo + lipid + emic =
reduces cholesterol or
lipid levels
• Spermicide
sperm + i + cide =
kills sperm
PHARMACY ABBREVIATIONS
• About 10,000 abbreviations
– can be specific to one institution
– can be specific to one area of the
country
Pharmacy Abbreviations
Most common abbreviations
 Route
 Form
 Time
 Measurement
Pharmacy Abbreviations
ad = right ear
as = left ear
au = each ear
IM = intramuscular
IV = intravenous
od = right eye
os = left eye
ou = each eye
po = by mouth
sl = sublingually
Pharmacy Abbreviations
elix = elixir
supp = suppository
ung = ointment
ac = before meals
pc = after meals
hs = at bedtime
qd = every day
prn = as needed
qid = four times a day
tid = three times a day
bid = two times a day