Transcript Human Body Student In Class Notes With Blanks Widescreen 2017

1.1: Introduction to
the Human Body
Cell Organization
Cell: Basic _____________ block of the human body. An average
adult has ______________ trillion cells.
Tissue: Specialized ________ organized together to perform the
same ____________.
Organ: Groups of ___________ working together to perform
the same _____________
Organ System: Groups of __________ working together to
perform the same ____________
Organism: Groups of ______________________ working
together to make a single human.
Human Tissue Types (4)
1. _____________ tissue: Cells that form the body’s
structure.
Examples include: ________________________________
2. _____________ tissue: Cover the body surfaces.
Examples include: ________________________________
3. _____________ tissue: Cells that create movement.
Examples include: ________________________________
4. _____________ tissue: Send and receive electrical signals.
Examples include: ________________________________
Homeostasis
• Ability to maintain a _________ internal
state
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
Negative Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
1.2: Integumentary
System
Functions of Skin
1.Regulate body temperature by sweating.
2.Helps get rid of other waste from sweat.
3.Provides barrier to prevent foreign particles
from getting in.
4.Contact with the outside world with sensory
nerves.
Melanin (In Skin and Hair)
• Chemical that is created by certain cells when
exposed to sunlight
• Acts as a sun block preventing light from getting to
deeper layers.
• In the deeper layers cells can be easily damaged by
the sun.
• Found in skin and in hair.
• More melanin = darker skin or hair
Functions of Hair
1.Protection from UV radiation.
2.Keeps foreign particles out.
3.Regulates body temperature by
trapping heat near skin.
Function of Nails
1. Protects the tips of fingers and
toes.
2. Aids as a sensory tissue with the
environment.
Like hair and skin, nails are made of dead
cells.
1.3: Skeletal
System
Names and Spelling of Major Bones
22
21
1.Cranium
2.Mandible
3.Clavicle
4.Sternum
5.Humerus
6.Rib
7.Vertebrae or
Vertebral
Column
8.Pelvis
9.Radius
10.Ulna
11.Carpals
12.Metacarpals
13.Phalanges
(Fingers)
14.Femur
15.Patella
16.Tibia
17.Fibula
18.Tarsals
19.Metatarsals
20.Phalanges Not pictured:
21. Sacrum
(toes)
22. Scapula
Skeletal System Functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Support
Protection
Aid in movement (with muscles)
Blood Cell Production
Storage of Minerals
Anatomy of the bone
Bone
marrow
Compact
Bone
Spongy Bone
Anatomy Continued
Bone Marrow: Makes red and white blood cells.
Periosteum: Tough, fibrous outer covering of
bone.
Spongy Bone: Open spaces, lighter and less dense.
Compact Bone: No spaces, rigid and dense.
Cartilage: Flexible tissue replaced by bone, allows
growth and cushioning.
Ligaments: Tough protein that connects bone to
other bones.
Gliding
Movable Joints
Hinge
Ball and Socket
Problems
Diseases
Osteoporosis: Bones lose
density.
Arthritis: Swelling or
stiffening of joints.
Injuries
1. Fracture
2. Broken
3. Sprain
4. Dislocation
1.4: Muscular
System
Muscles: Allow the body to move and
offer some protection
Voluntary: Under your own control (Skeletal
Muscles)
Involuntary: Not under your conscious
control (Smooth and cardiac muscle)
Tendon: Tough band of connective tissue
that connects muscle to bone
Muscle Types
Flexor
- muscle that bends part
of your body
Extensor
- muscles that
straightens part of
your body.
Muscle Exercise
Resistance: Working
against the force of
gravity.
Aerobic: Exercise
working to
increase heart rate.
Example: Lifting
weights above your
head
Example: Running,
jogging, biking,
rowing, etc
Muscle Injury
1.Strain
2.Tear
3.Tendinitis
4.Steroids
2.1: Digestive
System
Mechanical Versus Chemical
Mechanical: Breakdown by physical
means. Chewing, grinding, smashing,
crunching.
Chemical: Breakdown by chemical
processes. Enzymes in saliva, acids in
stomach.
Types of food digested: In order of digestion
Carbohydrates: Long chains of sugars attached
together, stored briefly in blood and broken down for
energy
Fats: Strings of individual fatty acids attached
together, stored on top of muscles.
Proteins: Long chains of amino acids, stored in
muscles.
The Flow of Food in the Gastrointestinal Tract
This is an area at the back of
the throat where the trachea
and the esophagus begin.
Mouth
Pharynx
Two types of digestion begin:
1. Mechanical
2. chemical
Ptyalin - an enzyme in saliva begins to
break down starches into sugars
Esophagus
Here the food is pushed down the
muscle lined tube. The process
which is called peristalsis takes about
7 seconds.
Mainly mechanical, some chemical
digestion
The food continues to be digested
here for about 3-6 hours. High
chemical and mechanical digestion.
HCl and Pepsin aid the chemical
digestion taking place. Pepsin is
responsible for breaking down
protein.
Stomach
What is left of the food
remains here for 18-24
hours.
The water is absorbed
through the walls of the
large intestine and into
the body.
Small Intestine
The food, now called chyme, passes through
this very long tube in about 3-5 hours.
Chemical and Mechanical digestion occur
here.
Here the nutrients are absorbed by the villi
and microvilli. These are small fingerlike
projections on the walls of the intestine.
Large Intestine
The liver produces bile.
The gall bladder stores bile
The pancreas produces:
amylase
trypsin
lipase
All enzymes are sent to
small intestine
The waste then moves
through the anus and
out of the body.
Rectum
The waste is then
passed out of the
large intestine and
into the rectum.
Anus
3.1:
Cardiovascular
System
Cardiovascular System
• Made of heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Blood vessels types include
• Arteries: Carry oxygen rich blood away from
heart to the body.
• Veins: Carry oxygen poor blood to heart, away
from the body.
• Capillaries: Smallest vessels, allow for
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in cells.
Cardiovascular Functions
1.Transport blood around the body
2.Move oxygen and nutrients
3.Carries white blood cells (WBC’s) to
sites of infection and inflammation.
4.Heart pumps blood around the body.
Blood Functions
1. Exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
2. Fight infection and clot
3. Maintain blood pressure.
4. Regulate body temperature.
Two Circulations
1. Pulmonary Circulation: Shorter
loop carrying blood between heart
and lungs.
2. Systemic Circulation: Longer loop
carrying blood between the heart
and the body.
Path of Blood
1. Vena Cava (Oxygen Poor Blood)
2. Right Atrium (Oxygen Poor Blood)
3. Right Ventricle (Oxygen Poor Blood)
4. Pulmonary Artery (Oxygen Poor Blood)
5. Lungs (Mixed Blood)
6. Pulmonary Vein (Oxygen Rich Blood)
7. Left Atrium (Oxygen Rich Blood)
8. Left Ventricle (Oxygen Rich Blood)
9. Aorta (Oxygen Rich Blood)
10. Body Capillaries (Mixed Blood)
4.1: Respiratory
System
Pulmonary Respiration
• Physical act of inhaling oxygen into
lungs and exhaling carbon dioxide out.
• Diaphragm and rib muscles contract,
causing pressure to decline and air enter.
(inhale)
• Diaphragm and rib muscles relax causing
pressure to increase and air exit (exhale)
5.1: Excretory
System
6.1: Nervous
System
6.2: The Senses
6.3: Endocrine
System
7.1: Infectious Diseases
7.2: Noninfectious
Diseases
7.3: First Two
Lines of Defense
7.4: Immune
System Defenses