Transcript Chapter 16: Living Systems*Body Systems

Chapter 16: Living
Systems―Body Systems
Foundations
Ms. Johnson
Chapter 16: Living
Systems―Body Systems
Foundations
Ms. Johnson
Objectives
• Complex organisms show several levels of body organization.
• Cells are the basic unit of life. Tissues are groups of similar cells
that act together to carry out a life process.
• Organs are groups of tissues that act together to carry out a life
process.
• Organ systems are groups of organs that act together to carry out a
life process. Different organ systems act together to carry out these
processes.
• The human body includes the following types of tissues: blood,
bone, muscle, nerve, and skin.
• The human body includes the skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and
reproductive systems.
• All body systems are interdependent.
• The circulatory system and respiratory system act together to bring
oxygen in the blood to all body cells.
Vocabulary
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Cells
Organ
Organ system
Cartilage
Ligaments
Voluntary muscle
Locomotion
Involuntary muscle
Spinal cord
Sense organs
Gland
Hormones
Blood
Heart
Tissue
Joint
Tendons
Brain
Nerves
Neurons
• Blood vessels
• Veins
Capillaries
• Lymph vessels
• Cellular respiration
• Respiration
• Bronchi
• Skin
• Liver
Urea
• Testes
• Sperm ducts
• Ovaries
• Uterus
• Mammary glands
Arteries
Trachea
Lungs
Kidneys
Oviducts
Vagina
Human Body Systems Are
Interdependent
• A human being is a complex organism that is
made up of a number of body systems.
▫ Each system has its own role to contribute to the
body.
• All of the systems are interdependent and work
with one another to keep you alive.
Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
• The levels of organization
include:
1. Cells
2. Tissues
3. Organs
4. Organ system
• Cells: the basic unit of
living things
• Our bodies have different
types of cells designed to
perform different
functions.
Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
• Tissues: a group of similar
cells acting together to carry
out a life process.
• Organs: a group of tissues
working together
Organ
Function
Tissue Function
Heart
Pumps blood through body
Blood
Kidney
Excretes waste from blood
Lung
Exchange of gases with the
environment
Stomach
Breaks down food
Brain
Contains thinking and
voluntary actions
Skin
Covers and protects the
body
Bone
Transports materials throughout
the body
Supports and protects the body
and organs and helps in
movement
Muscle
Helps body move
Nerve
Carries messages through the
body
Skin
Covers and protects the body
Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
• Organ systems: a group of organs acting
together to carry out specific life processes.
System
Function
Example of
Organ/Parts
Skeletal
Supports body; protects organs
Skull, ribs
Muscular
Moves organs and body parts
Arm and leg muscles
Nervous
Controls body activities; carries and interprets
messages
Brain and spinal cord
Endocrine
Regulates body activities with hormones
Adrenal glands
Digestive
Breaks down food into a usable form
Stomach/intestines
Circulatory
Carries materials to cells and waste away from cells
Heart, arteries, veins
Respiratory
Exchanges gases with the environment
Lungs, bronchi
Excretory
Removes wastes from the body
Kidneys, skin
Reproductive
Produces offspring
Ovaries and testes
The Skeletal System
• Skeletal system: supports and
protects the body and its
organs.
• Includes:
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Skull
Spinal column
Breastbone
Ribs
Limb bones
Cartilage
The Skeletal System
• Bones are made of hard,
strong material.
• Cartilage is softer and more
flexible.
▫ Acts as a cushion between
bones and provides flexibility
at the ends of bones
• Joints are where one bone
meets another.
▫ They allow the bone to move
The Skeletal System
• Ligaments: strips of tissues
that hold bones together.
• Tendons: attach muscle to
bones
▫ Cordlike piece of tissue
▫ Ex. the Achilles tendon
The Muscular System
• Muscles are masses of tissue that contract to
move bones or organs.
▫ Two types: voluntary and involuntary
The Muscular System
• Voluntary muscle: muscles
that are controlled by our will.
▫ Ex. skeletal muscles
▫ Ex. muscles in the face and
around the eyes
• Voluntary muscles aid in
locomotion (movement)
• Involuntary muscle:
muscles not under our
voluntary control.
▫ Two types: cardiac and
smooth
▫ Cardiac muscle is only in the
heart and pumps blood
▫ Smooth muscle is found in
the respiratory, circulatory,
and digestive systems
Regulation
• The nervous and endocrine
system work together to
regulate body processes.
• Nervous system: brain, spinal
cord, nerves, and parts of the
sense organs.
• Endocrine system: made up of
glands
Regulation: Nervous System
• Brain: receives and interprets
nerve impulses.
▫ Controls thinking
▫ Controls voluntary action and
some involuntary
• Spinal cord: channels nerve
impulses to and from the brain
and controls many automatic
reflexes.
• Nerves: provide a means of
communication from the sense
organs to the bring and spinal
cord.
• Sense organs: skin, eyes,
ears, nose, and tongue which
receive information from the
environment.
• Neurons: receive and
transmit nerve impulses
▫ Sensory and motor
Regulation: Endocrine System
• Glands: an organ that makes and secretes
chemicals called hormones.
• The glands secrete hormones into the blood, and
the blood carries the hormone to an organ.
• The organ then responds in some way,
depending on the hormone.
▫ Ex. Adrenaline is released when faced with danger
from your adrenal gland.
 Makes your heart beat and breathing faster.
The Digestive System
• The digestive system breaks
down food into nutrients that
can be absorbed into the
bloodstream and carried to the
cells.
• Consists of: digestive tract and
accessory organs
The Digestive System
• Digestive tract: a tube in
which food travels through the
body .
• Accessory organs: the
pancreas, gall bladder, and
liver.
▫ Begins at the mouth and
continues through the
esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine.
▫ They produce digestive juices
that are released into the
digestive tract
Organ
Digestive Tract
Foods Acted On
Mouth
Saliva
Starches
Stomach
Gastric juices
Proteins
Small intestine
Intestinal juice
Sugars, proteins
Pancreas
Pancreatic juice
Proteins, starches, fats
Liver
Bile
Fats
The Digestive System
• The digestive system breaks down food by physical and
chemical means.
• Physical:
▫ Food is broken down by chewing and moved by the muscles
in the digestive tract
• Chemical:
▫ Food is broken down into nutrients by chemicals called
enzymes.
• When digestion has been completed, digested materials
are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of
the small intestine.
• Undigested materials (feces) get expelled from the body.
The Circulatory System
• Nutrients absorbed must be transported to the
cells.
• Circulatory system: brings needed materials
such as nutrients, water, and oxygen to the cells
and carry away wastes.
• The components: blood heart, blood vessel
(arteries, veins, capillaries), lymph, and lymph
vessels.
The Circulatory System
• Blood: liquid tissue that
contains red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets.
• Heart: a muscle that contracts
regularly to pump blood
throughout the body.
▫ Blood is pumped from the
heart to the lungs, where it
receives oxygen and gets rid of
carbon dioxide.
• Blood vessels: arteries, veins,
and capillaries.
▫ Arteries: carry blood away
from the heart.
▫ Veins: return blood to the
heart.
▫ Capillaries: connect arteries
to veins.
Lymph: bathes all the cells in the
body. Acts as a go-between in the
exchange of materials between the
blood and cells.
The Respiratory System
• Cells use oxygen in the process of cellular
respiration- this takes place in all body cells.
▫ Nutrients from digested food combine with the
oxygen to release energy and produce waste
(water and CO2)
The Respiratory System
• Respiratory system: brings
oxygen from the air to the
blood and returns carbon
dioxide from the blood to the
air.
▫ Respiration
• When you breathe in, air
enters and passes through the
trachea (windpipe).
• The trachea branches off to
each lung through the
bronchi.
• Oxygen enters the blood while
carbon dioxide leaves the cells.
The Respiratory System
• The oxygen that enters the
blood is carried to the cells of
the body, where an exchange
of gases again takes place.
• This time, the oxygen leaves
the blood and enters the cells,
while carbon dioxide leaves
the cells and goes into the
blood.
• The carbon dioxide is return to
the lungs to be exhaled.
• This process is repeated
constantly.
The Excretory System
• The activities of the body’s
cells produce waste materials
that must be removed.
• These wastes are removed
from the blood and from the
body.
• This system consists of: lungs,
skin, kidneys, and liver.
The Excretory System
• Lungs: expel carbon dioxide
and water vapor from the body
when you exhale.
• Skin: expels wastes when you
perspire
▫ Microscopic sweat glands
▫ Sweat leaves the body through
pores
• Kidneys: help maintain the
balance of water and minerals in
the body.
▫ Urine is the collected wastes
that the kidneys excrete and
goes to the bladder
• Liver: produces urea
▫ Leaves the blood and goes to
the kidneys and gets expelled
in urine
The Reproductive System
• Responsible for the production of offspring.
▫ Two systems: male and female
Reproductive System
• Male:
▫ Consists of: testes, penis, and
sperm ducts.
• Testes: produce sperm cells
▫ These pass through sperm
ducts during reproduction
where they mix with a fluid to
form semen
• Female:
▫ Consists of: ovaries, oviducts,
uterus, and vagina.
• Ovaries: produce egg cells
• Once a month , an egg leaves
an ovary and travels through
one of the oviducts to uterus.
▫ If the sperm cells are present,
fertilization may take place.
Homework:
Page 193-194
Page 198-199
Page 203-204