Transcript Reptiles and Birds

Reptiles Birds
and Mammals
Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Classes Agnatha
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptiles
Aves
Mammalia
Brains
The brains of reptiles, birds and mammals
are very similar except in size.
Parts of the brain
Cerebrum – Thinking, memory and voluntary
movements.
Cerebellum – Balance and coordination
Optic – sight
Olfactory – smell
Medulla Oblongata – Basic body functions –
breathing, heartbeat….
Reptile
Examples: snakes, turtles, crocodiles,
tuatara
Characteristics: claws on toes, scales made
from keratin, amniote egg, most are
oviparous but a few are ovoviviparous,
nictitating membrane, internal fertilization,
cold blooded (ectothermic), 3 ½ chamber
heart.
Terminology
Oviparous – Lays eggs (reptiles and birds)
Viviparous – Live birth (mammals)
Ovoviviparous – Has internal eggs but live
birth. (garter snakes, sharks…)
Amniote Egg
Functions of Parts of Egg
Shell – protection
Chorion – Gas exchange
Amnion – protection
Allantois – waste storage
Yolk sac – food storage
Embryo - baby
Turtles - Testudines
Have a shell fused to the rib cage and
vertebrae.
Snakes and Lizards - Squamata
Lack legs but a few like boa have vestigial
legs, hundred of rib, reduced kidneys,
reproductive organs and lungs. Everything
is elongated.
They have
awesome
sense organs.
Poisonous Lizards
There are only two species of venomous
lizards. They are the gila monster and the
beaded lizard. Komodo dragons are the
largest lizard. They are not venomous but
their bite is deadly because of all of the
bacteria in the saliva.
Gila Monster
Beaded
Lizard
Venomous Snakes
Snakes use a special organ to smell called
Jacobson’s Organ.
Top 10
1. Fierce Snake
2. Common Brown
3. Taipan
4. Eastern Tiger
5. Riesvie Tiger Snake
6. Beaked Sea Snake
7. Western Tiger Snake
8. Giant Black Tiger Snake
9. Death Adder
10. Western Brown Snake
Crocodiles - Crocodilia
Include crocs, alligators, gavil, caimen.
Have a four chamber heart.
Tuatara - Rhyncocephilia
Most ancient form of reptile. Three eyes
(parietal eye), native to some Indonesian
islands.
Aves: birds
Birds have feathers made from keratin,
hollow bones, reduced internal organs
(lighter to fly), advanced respiratory
system with air sacs, four chamber heart,
amniote egg with a calcium shell
(oviparous), forelimbs modified into wings,
no teeth, scales on the feet, and warmbloodedness (endothermic).
Bird Anatomy
Feather
Types of Feathers
Flight feather – used for flight – wings and
tail
Contour feathers – aerodynamics – outside
of body
Down feathers – warmth – next to body
Filoplume – nostrils – clean air before
entering lungs
•
•
down feather
flight feather
Bird classification – flying styles
Flightless diving birds – penguins
Normal flight - eagles, robin…
Can fly backwards – hummingbirds
Only fly short distances – chickens
Flightless – ostriches, rhea, emu, kiwi
Beak Adaptations
Different types of food have led t differences
in beak types. What type of food do these
birds eat?
Foot types
Differences in foot design have added
birds to live in different habitats.
Behavioral differences
Birds have different behaviors. These
include nest building, aerial displays,
courtship rituals and song.
Mammals
Characteristics
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Hair
Endothermic (warm-blooded)
Mammary Glands produce milk for young
4 chamber heart
Fat layer beneath the skin
Bones in the ear
Simple jaw with complex specialized
teeth
Feeding
Compared to reptiles, mammals must eat
10 times more food. As a result they have
specialized teeth like incisors, canine
teeth, molar and premolars. The types
and designs of the teeth help to classify
mammals.
Circulatory System
Mammals have a double loop circulatory
system. This means that one loop takes
the blood to the lungs. The other loop
takes the blood out to the body.
Respiratory system
To inflate the lungs, muscles lift the
ribcage, lower the diaphragm and suck air
into the lungs.
The liver changes nitrogen wastes in the
blood into urea.
Kidneys then take the urea out of the
blood and expel it as urine.
Nervous System
Mammals have the same brain parts as
other animals.
Sense organs – Mammals have eyes
adapted to low light, sharp sense of smell
and taste and hearing.
Humans have good color vision, good
hearing and poor smell and taste
Reproduction
Mammals have internal reproduction and
live birth. Viviparous
Classification
Mammals are classified into three groups
based on how they reproduce. These
groups are monotremes, marsupials, and
placental mammals
Monotremes
Monotremes are the most primitive
mammals with characteristics of reptiles
and mammals.
Reptile-like = cloaca, ectothermic and lay
leathery eggs
Mammal-like = Hair, mammary glands but
no nipples.
Examples: Duck billed platypus, Echidnea
Monotreme pictures
Marsupials
Mammals that have extremely immature
birth and keep babies in a pouch.
Only one North American Marsupial –
opossum
Other examples – kangaroo, koala,
Tasmanian devil, wombat…
Placental Mammals
Mammals that have a placenta that they use
to nourish the young in the uterus.
Rodentia
Have two incisors per jaw that grow their
entire lives
Examples: Beaver, rat, mice, squirrel
Lagomorpha
Have four incisors per jaw that grow their
entire lives.
Example: rabbit, hare
Edentata
Lack teeth or have very small simple teeth.
Examples: anteater, sloth, armadillo
Artiodactyla
Even number of toes per foot and are plant
eaters. Have more than one stomach.
Examples: cows, pigs, antelopes, deer,
hippo, giraffe
Perissodactyla
Have an odd number of toes per foot. Have
an appendix and one stomach.
Examples: horse, zebra, rhinoceros, tapir
Dermoptera
Mammals that glide on skin between their
legs.
Examples: flying squirrel, flying lemurs
Chiroptera
True flying mammals. Fly on skin between
their fingers.
Examples: Bats
Carnivora
Mammals with large canine teeth. Most are
meat eaters.
Examples: Hyena, lions, tigers, bear,
weasels, cats, dogs
Cetacea
Have blow hole, live in the oceans and two
limbs (flippers).
Examples: Whales, dolphin
Sirenia
Mammals with no blow hole, two limbs and
mistaken for mermaids.
Example: Manatee
Pinnipedia
Marine mammals with four limbs, no blow
hole and are meat eaters.
Examples: seal, sea lion, walrus
Proboscidea
Large noses (proboscis).
Examples: Elephant
Insectivora
Mammals with reduced eyes, no external
ears, long pointed noses.
Examples: moles, shrew
Primates
Large brains compared to body size.
Opposable thumbs.
Examples: human, apes, chimpanzee