Transcript EXCHANGE IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

EXCHANGE IN MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISMS
P.87-97
GAS EXCHANGE IN WATER
• TAKING IN OXYGEN AND RELEASING CARBON
DIOXIDE THROUGH DIFFUSION
• GILLS IN SOME AQUATIC ORGANISMS PROVIDE A
LARGE SURFACE AREA FOR THIS TO TAKE PLACE
• THIN FILAMENTS IN THE GILLS CONTAINING BLOOD
VESSELS CALLED CAPILLARIES TAKE IN DISSOLVED
OXYGEN FROM THE WATER
• BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH THE CAPILLARIES TO TAKE IN
OXYGEN IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF WATER FLOW
(COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE)
GAS EXCHANGE ON LAND
*ORGANISMS TRY TO PREVENT
WATER LOSS SINCE DIFFUSION
NEEDS TO TAKE PLACE ON A
MOIST SURFACE*
1. FLATWORMS/EARTHWORMS
• THROUGH SKIN
2. INSECTS
• USING BRANCHING AIR DUCTS/TUBES (TRACHEA) WHILE
MOVING IN
AND OUT OF
OPENINGS
(SPIRACLES)
3. BIRDS
• LUNGS THAT ACT LIKE A 2 CYCLE PUMP WITH
COUNTERCURRENT FLOW LIKE GILLS IN FISH
• AIR PASSES IN A SINGLE DIRECTION WITH NO MIXING
• INHALE (POSTERIOR AIR SACS), EXHALE (LUNGS), INHALE
(ANTERIOR AIR SACS), EXHALE (OUT OF BODY)
4. HUMANS/OTHER ANIMALS
• LUNGS (SEE P.2 DIAGRAM)
• MIXING OF OXYGEN RICH AND
OXYGEN POOR AIR
• NOSE/MOUTHTRACHEABRON
CHI
• ALVEOLI (CAVITIES CONTAINING
CAPILLARIES)
• THESE ALVEOLI PROVIDE A LARGE
SURFACE AREA TO EXCHANGE
OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
• (de-oxygenated blood is pumped
through the pulmonary arteries to the
lungs and then the pulmonary veins
return oxygenated blood from the
lungs to the heart)LATER IN COURSE
5. PLANTS
• STOMATES (OPENINGS
IN WHICH CARBON
DIOXIDE MOVES IN
AND OXYGEN MOVES
OUT, WATER IS ALSO
LOST THROUGH
THESETRANSPIRATIO
N)
• REGULATED BY GUARD
CELLS
WASTE DISPOSAL
P.92-97 P.4 OF PACKET
• IMPORTANT FOR THE BODY
TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
(INTERNAL BALANCE OF AN
ORGANISM)
• REMOVAL OF NITROGENOUS
WASTES FROM PROTEINS
3 TYPES OF NITROGENOUS WASTES
1. AMMONIAVERY TOXIC,
REMOVED IN A SUFFICIENT
WATER ENVIRONMENT
(PARAMECIUM WITH A
CONTRACTILE VACUOLE,
FISH)
2. UREA LESS TOXIC,
MODERATE AMOUNT OF
WATER TO DILUTE (HUMANS,
MAMMALS)
3. URIC ACIDNONTOXIC,
INSOLUBLE CRYSTALS, WATER
NEEDS TO BE CONSERVED
(BIRDS, INSECTS, REPTILES,
DESERT ORGANISMS)
THE HUMAN URINARY
SYSTEM
P.5, 6, 7 OF PACKETP.94-97
THE
PROCESS
• BLOODKIDNEYS
URINE (WASTE
FLUID)URETER
(TUBE)URINARY
BLADDER
(STORAGE)URETH
RA (OUT OF BODY)
KIDNEYS
• 2 ORGANS
RESPONSIBLE FOR
PROCESSING
METABOLIC WASTE,
PARTIALLY
REGULATING
BLOOD PRESSURE,
AND CONTROLLING
SUBSTANCES IN THE
BLOOD
NEPHRONS
• TUBULES IN THE
KIDNEY
RESPONSIBLE FOR
FILTRATION,
REABSORPTION,
AND
SECRETION**
• ONE END FITS
OVER A MASS OF
CAPILLARIES
AND THE OTHER
END OPENS TO A
DUCT
COLLECTING
URINE
PARTS OF THE
NEPHRON
• BOWMAN’S CAPSULECUP OF
NEPHRON
• GLOMERULUSBALL OF
CAPILLARIES, FILTRATION
(FILTRATE IS THE MATERIALS
THAT CROSS FROM THE
CAPILLARIES INTO THIS)
• LOOP OF HENLELEADS TO
COLLECTION TUBULE
• COLLECTING
TUBULEREABSORPTION TAKES
PLACE LEADING TO HERE,
WHERE SECRETION TAKE PLACE