Transcript Body Systems

Body Systems
The Foundations
• Smallest unit = atom.
• Grouped atoms = molecules
• Multiple molecules = organelles
• Organelles = system of cells
• Cell cluster = tissues/organs
• Organ systems = organism
Hierarchy of the Body
Organism
Molecule
Organ
System
Atom
Organ
Organelle
Tissue
Cells
• Outside = Plasma Membrane
• Inside = Cytoplasm
• Fluid = Cytosol
• Nucleus = Genetic Center
• Cytoskeleton = Maintain Shape
• Mitochondria = Energy
• Ribosome's
= Proteinsof Cell
Overview
• Lysosomes = digestive enzymes
& Cell Membrane
GolgiApparatus
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Phagocytic Vesicle
Free Ribosome
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Mitochondrion
Karyoplasm
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cytoskeleton
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cytoplasm
Centrioles
Plasma Membrane
• Several types in the human body
• Exocrine glands secrete products into tubes/ducts
• Endocrine glands secrete products into spaces between cells
• Picked up by blood/lymph system
• Have impact on target tissues
• Unicellular or Multi-Cellular
Glands
Exocrine Gland
Endocrine Gland
• Make up organs and binding material in body
• Four types:
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Single layer flattened cells-simple squamous
Single layer cube cells-simple cuboidal
Single layer long columnar cells-simple columnar
Multiple layers of flattened cells• Transitional
• Stratified squamous
Epithelia
Stratified Squamous
Simple Squamous
Simple Cubodial
Simple Columnar
Transitional
• Varied group of associated tissues
• Cells, fibers, matrix
• Tissues that belong to connective tissue:
• Loose connective tissue
• Collagenous fibers
• Elastic fibers
• Reticular fibers
• Tissues:
• Dense regular
• Dense irregular
• Elastic fibers
• Reticular fibers
• Adipose tissue
Connective Tissue
Collagenous fiber
Matrix
Fibrocyte
Collagenous fiber
Elastic Fiber
Loose Connective
Collagenous fiber
Elastic Connective Tissue
Reticular Fibers
Regular connective
Collagenous fiber
Dense irregular connective
Reticular Connective Tissue
Adipocyte
Adipose Tissue
Elastic fiber
• Cartilage:
• Hyaline cartilage
• Fibro cartilage
• Elastic cartilage
• Bone cells = osteocytes
• Matrix in blood:
• Plasma/Erythrocytes/Leukocytes
Connective Tissue Continued
Matrix
Osteocyte
Bone
Erythrocyte
Leukocytes
Blood
Platelet
Plasma
• Muscle Tissues:
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Skeletal tissue
Cardiac muscle
Smooth Muscle
Nervous Tissue
Muscle and Nervous Tissue
Striations
Nuclei
Nuclei
Intercalated disc
Cell
Skeletal Muscle
Nuclei
Cell
Cardiac Muscle
Nerve Cell
Body
Dendrites
Glial Cells
Nucleus
Nervous Tissue
Smooth Muscle
Axon
Skeletal System
• Parts:
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Bones
Ligaments
Tendons
Joints
Connective Tissue
Cartilage
Skeletal System
• Functions
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Frame work
Allows movement
Supports and protects organs
Storage system
Produce cells (blood/immune)
Skeletal System
Synovial Joints
• A joint is the point at which two bones meet
• Types of joints:
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Hinge
Gliding
Rotating
Condyloid
Ball and socket
Saddle
Gliding
Ball & Socket
Hinge
Condyloid
Rotating
Saddle
Skeletal
System
Compact Bone
Skeletal System
Cervical
Vertebrae
Thoracic
Vertebrae
Lumbar
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Skeletal
System
a. True Ribs
Clavicle
Humerus
b. False Ribs
Scapulae
c. Costal
Cartilage
d. Floating
Ribs
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Skeletal
Muscle
Os Coxae
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Common Skeletal Problems
• Fracture
• Dislocation
• Sprain
• Overuse
• Sclerosis
• Osteoporosis
Think, Pair, Share
•Evaluate the intricacy of a bone and how it is constantly
changing due to its environment.
• What are the benefits of physical activity on bones and
what type of activity do bones benefit from?
Muscular System
• Functions
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Tissues work with skeletal system for movement
Voluntary action
Maintain posture and stabilize joints
Contract/isometric/isotonic
Flexion/Extension/Hyper extension
Provides heat
Muscular System
Frontalis
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis
Diaphragm
External Internal Oblique
Biceps
External/Internal Intercostals
Flexor/Extensor Carpi
Rectus Abdominis
Flexor/Extensor Digitorum
Quadriceps
Tibialis Anterior
Muscular System
Rhomboid Major
Teres Minor
Trapezius
Rhomboid Minor
Infraspinatus
Teres Major
Triceps
Latissimus Dorsi
Gluteus Maximus
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius
Muscular System
Parts
• Approximately 650 muscles
• Individual bundles
• Enclosed by sarcolemma
• Sarcomere
• Actin and myosin
• Neuromuscular junction
• Sliding Filament Theory
• Muscle fibers- endomysium- myofibrils - myofilaments
• Actin and Myosin interact with sarcomere bounded by z line
• ATP = breakdown of glucose during cellular
respiration
Muscular System
Muscular System
Muscular System
• Problems
• Strain
• Muscle Cramp
• Muscle Dystrophy
• Type 1 & 2 Fibers
Think, Pair, Share
•Recall the complexity of the sliding filament theory and
how actin and myosin work together in order to create a
muscle contraction.
• Discuss and provide an analogy to explain how a muscle
receives an impulse from the brain to the muscle in order
to perform a contraction.
Circulatory System
• Functions
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Distribute nutrients
Transport wastes
Distribute hormones
Regulate body temperature
• Transport
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Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Nutrients
H20
Hormones
Waste Products
• Immune Response
• WBC
Circulatory System
Internal Jugular Vein
Common carotid artery
Aortic arch
Pulmonary trunk
Superior vena cava
Heart
Brachial artery
Inferior vena cava
Aorta
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Circulatory System
• Parts
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Aorta
L/R Atrium
L/R Ventricle
Pulmonary
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Red Blood Cells
White blood Cells
Plasma
Platelets
Circulatory System
• Blood Flow
• Cardiac Cycle
• Systolic –pressure at contraction (less than 120)
• Diastolic– pressure at rest (less than 80)
• Two Major Circulations
• Pulmonary Circulation
• Systemic Circulation
Circulatory System
Blood’s Path Through the Heart - Deoxygenated
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Vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Circulatory System
Blood’s Path Through the Heart - Oxygenated
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Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
Body
Circulatory System
Superior Vena Cava
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary Capillary Bed
Right atrium
Pulmonary Capillary Bed
Left Ventricle
Right ventricle
Descending aorta
Inferior vena cava
artery
Vein
Venule
Arteriole
Circulatory System
• Problems
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Heart Disease
Heart attack
Stroke
Arrhythmias
Hypertension
Anemia
Arteriosclerosis
• Repair
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Angioplasty
Bypass Surgery
Stents
Heart Transplants
Pacemakers
Circulatory System
• Interesting Facts
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The average size of a human heart is about the size of your fist
Blood is mostly made of salt
There are 5 liters of blood in an adult
Plasma makes up 55% of blood
Blood types are : A, B AB, or O
Blood replaced by transfusion
Cardiac muscle does not tire out
Think, Pair, Share
•Heart disease is the number one killer in the United
States.
• What are some strategies and life style factors that can
help increase our heart’s health and longevity?
Functions
• Ingest food
• Break down food
• Move through digestive tract
• Absorb digested food , nutrients and fluid
• Eliminates waste materials
Digestive System
• Parts of the Gastrointestinal Tract
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Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Digestive System
• Accessory Organs
• Liver
• cleans
• Pancreas
• Insulin
• Salivary Glands
• enzymes
• Gall bladder
• bile
• Appendix
• No use
Digestive System
a. Alimentary canal
Mouth
Esophagus
Acessory organs
Salivary glands
Liver
Stomach
Small Intestine
Pancreas
Large Intestine
Gall Bladder
Rectum
Anus
Digestive System
• Process
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Ingestion
Movement
Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
Digestive System
Best Practices:
• Nutrient Dense- High nutrients compared to
calories
• Stay away from
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excessive calories/fats/oils
clear of alcohol
Lots of:
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Fruits, fiber, water, whole grains, lean meats
Think, Pair, Share
•What we put into our bodies matter for today and
tomorrow.
• List two foods/drinks that can be good for your health
and two foods/drinks that can be bad for your health
Digestive System
• Problems
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Ulcers
Reflux
Gallstones
Lactose Intolerance
Diverticulitis
Inflammatory Bowl Disease (Crohn’s)
Celiac Disease
Constipation
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Bloating
Diarrhea
Gallstones
Liver
filters/detoxifies/proteins/metabolize
Issues: edema, bleeding, jaundice, gallstones,
• Function
• Release hormones
• Control functions
• Development
• Growth
• Hormones are messenger
• Act on target cells
• Programmed response to molecular triggers
• Parts
• Pineal gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Pituitary gland
• Adrenal: 2 glands
• Cortex
• Medulla
• Endocrine cells in other organs
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Pancreas
Thymus
Gonads
Hypothalamus
Pineal Body
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
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Modes of transportation
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Humoral
Neural
Hormonal
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• Hormones
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TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
LH: luteinizing hormone
GH: growth hormone
PRL: prolactin
MSH: melanocyte-stimulating hormone
ADH: antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
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• Problems
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Goiter
Graves
Giantism
Acromeagaly
Pituitary dwarfs
Diabetes inspidius
Diabetes
Thoracic Duct
Spleen
Cisterna Chyli
Lymphatic
Lymph Nodes
Venule
Lymph Capillaries
Arteriole
• Lymphatic system
• Defense system
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Filters and drains
Antibodies
Produce WBC
Collects, distributes fluids and nutrients
• Open system
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Lymphatic vessels
Propulsion system
Lymph
Lymph vessels
Lymph Nodes
Filters bacteria
Fights pathogens