Transcript The Skeleton - Cecchini Cuore

The Skeleton
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What the skeleton does?
The skeleton is the basic framework of the body. It
has four major functions
SHAPE AND SUPPORT
MOVEMENT
PROTECTION
BLOOD PRODUCTION
SHAPE AND SUPPORT - the skeleton provides us
with our shape, without it our body would have no
framework to support itself on. The skeleton also
gives the body its size and in some cases can
influence overall bodyweight.
MOVEMENT - some of the bones of the body are
held together by freely moveable joints. This means
you are able to bend your body and move about.
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PROTECTION - The skeleton also protects the vital
soft tissue organs of the body. The most important
are:
the rib cage - protects the heart and the lungs
the pelvic girdle - protects the abdomen
the spinal column chord - protects the spinal chord
the skull - protects the brain.
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BLOOD PROTECTION - blood is made in the bone
marrow, particularly in the marrow of the long bones
of the body. Blood contains both red and white blood
cells. The red blood cells carry oxygen to muscles
and the white blood cells fight infection in the body.
Types of Bones
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There are over 200 bones in the body and over 100
joints.
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Bones are divided into three main types :
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FLAT BONES - the scapula, the patella, the sternum,
the pelvis and the ribs
IRREGULAR BONES - the vertebrae and the short
bones of the hands and feet.
LONG BONES - the bones of the arms and the legs,
and the long bones in the hands and feet.
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CRANIUM - the brain case made up of EIGHT flat
bones
CLAVICLE AND SCAPULA - collar and shoulder
bones that make up the shoulder. SCAPULA also
connects the arm to the central skeleton.
STERNUM - has 10 pairs of ribs attached to it.
RIBS
HUMERUS
RADUIS AND ULNA - rotate around each other,
letting you turn your palms up and down.
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PELVIS - where the legs are connected to the
skeleton
PHALANGES - make up fingers and toes
FEMUR - longest bone in the body. Stronger weight
for weight than steel.
PATELLA - kneecap, protects the knee joint. It is
embedded in the tendon of a muscle and not
attached to any other bone.
FIBULA
TIBIA - shin bone.
Male skeletons tend to be bigger and female
skeletons have a wider pelvis so that is easier to
have children.
Task:
1. Name all the
bones numbered
1 -18
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2.State whether
the bone is a:
long bone
irregular bone
flat bone
Joints and Movement
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There are many types of joint in the body, including
joints that we do not move and joints that only move
slightly. The movement of joints are important factors
affecting participation and performance.
JOINT STRUCTURE
most joints are synovial joints. Synovial joints are
enclosed inside a capsule filled with a lubricating
fluid, called synovial fluid. This fluid reduces the
friction on the joint surfaces as they move against
each other. A membrane seals the synovial capsule
so that the fluid does not leak out.
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CARTILAGE
joint surfaces are also covered by smooth, slippery
hyaline cartilage. This aids the production of
synovial fluid.
Joints often include another kind of cartilage, called
white fibro-cartilage. This is is smooth and hard in
order to help free movement, fibro-cartilage is
tough and elastic. It acts as a shock absorber
cushioning impact on the synovial joints. For example
the knee contains fibro-cartilage to cushion the joint
against the impact of walking, running and jumping.
LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS
ligaments and tendon hold together moving joints.
Ligaments are very strong elastic fibres that keep
joints intact.
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all the major joints rely on ligaments and tendons for
stability.
tendons attach muscles to bones.
both ligaments and tendons can be strained or torn
as a result of violent movement.
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
– since movement is so important in sport and
physical activity, there are terms to describe the
different kinds of movement.
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FLEXION
EXTENSION
ROTATION
ABDUCTION
» ADDUCTION
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOVEMENT:
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FLEXION - flexion is the bending of a joint. For
example, flexion occurs at the knee as the foot is
drawn back to kick a ball.
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EXTENSION - extension is the straightening of a limb
at the joint. For example, when putting the shot the
elbow is straightened during release.
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ROTATION - rotation is the ‘swivelling’ of a joint. for
example, moving the head from side to side.
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ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION abduction involves moving a limb (s) away from the
the central axis of your body.
adduction is the opposite from abduction, moving a
limb (s) back towards the central axis of your body.
the central axis is a straight line travelling from the
top of your head straight down to the ground.
Types of Joints
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The type of joints that are particularly important for
physical activity and sport are:
– BALL AND SOCKET JOINT - allows a full range
of movement. E.g. the hip and shoulder joints
– HINGE JOINT - movement in one plane: flexion
and extension.
– GLIDING JOINT - these occur in the many small
bones of the hand and feet. They allow a slight
sliding motion forwards and backwards and from
side to side.
– PIVOT JOINT - allows rotation. E.g. atlas and axis
in the neck.
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TASK:
the picture shows:
1: Shoulder joint -ball
and socket
2: Elbow joint - hinge
joint
can you name another
ball and socket and
hinge joint?
Muscles
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Every movement of your body depends on muscles.
There are three different types of muscles:
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INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE (SMOOTH) - is found in
the body’s internal organs. It performs its function
without any conscious control, but usually quite
slowly.
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VOLUNTARY OR SKELETAL MUSCLE (also known
as ‘striped’ or ‘striated’ muscle) - mainly found
attached to the skeleton, capable of rapid contraction
which cause skeletal movement. It is under our
conscious control.
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CARDIAC MUSCLE - is only found in the heart and
is also involuntary. It never stops working until we die.
It pumps blood from our heart around the body.
Voluntary Muscle How They Perform In Detail
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FRONT
DELTOIDS - create abduction at the shoulder and
raise your arm sideways, e.g. swimming arm action.
PECTORALS - create adduction at the shoulder
across the chest, e.g press ups.
BICEPS - allows flexion at the elbow, e.g. chin-ups.
ABDOMINALS - allow you to flex your trunk, e.g. sit ups.
QUADRICEPS - makes extension of the leg possible
at the knee, e.g. squats, kicking.
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BACK
TRAPEZIUS - allows rotation of the shoulders, e.g.
cricket bowling action.
LATISSIMUS - adduction at the shoulder behind your
back, e.g. rope climb.
TRICEPS - creates extension at the elbow, e.g.
press-ups, throwing.
GLUTEALS - allow extension, abduction and
adduction at the hip (gluteus maximus is the biggest
Gluteal). E.g. squats, jumping.
HAMSTRINGS - these allow flexion of the knee, e.g.
sprinting (leg action recovery)
GASTROCNEMIUS - allows you to stand on your
tiptoes, by creating extension at the ankle, e.g.
sprinting (start).
TASK: Name all the muscles
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Muscle Attachment
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voluntary muscles are attached to your skeleton by
TENDONS, usually across a synovial joint. These are
fibrous and INELASTIC.
the point where the muscle tendon attaches to the
fixed or stationary bone is called the ORIGIN.
the point where the muscle tendon attaches to the
moving bone is called the INSERTION.
as muscles contract they shorten. This makes the
joint move.
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WHEN A MUSCLE CONTRACTS THE INSERTION
MOVES TOWARDS THE ORIGIN.
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HOW MUSCLES WORK
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muscles can only create movement in one direction by becoming shorter. This means that you need two
muscles at every joint to allow movement in two
directions.
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Therefore MUSCLES WORK IN PAIRS. For
example, when your biceps CONTRACT it makes
your elbow flex pulling your forearm up. To allow your
elbow to extend, you need your triceps to
CONTRACT and pull your arm back down. Meaning
the biceps are RELAXING.
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Muscles working in opposite directions like the above
example are said to be working
ANTAGONISTICALLY. The muscle doing the work
and creating the movement is called the AGONIST or
PRIME MOVER. The muscle which is relaxing and
letting the movement take place, is called the
ANTAGONIST.
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When you flex your elbow, e.g. during a bicep curl.
The bicep is the AGONIST and the tricep is the
ANTAGONIST.
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When other muscles assist the prime mover in
creating a movement, these other muscles are called
SYNERGISTS. E.g. deltoids doing a press-up.
Types Of Muscle Contraction
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1. ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
the muscles stay the same length as it works and so
no movement occurs.
The muscles in the vertebral column contract
isometrically to maintain our posture
2. ISOTONIC CONTRACTI0N
the muscles changes its length as it works
shortening is called CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION
and lengthening under tension is called ECCENTRIC
CONTRACTION.
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All muscles have fast and slow twitch fibres or a
mixture of the two. The proportions are inherited.
FAST TWITCH FIBRES
produce powerful contractions very quickly
(explosive)
these fibres become fatigued in a short time
great for sprinting and fast bowling
SLOW TWITCH FIBRES
produce less powerful, slower contractions.
become fatigued less quickly.
ideal for endurance events. E.g. marathon running.
The Components of The
Circulatory System
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THE FUNCTION OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
the circulatory system is the body’s transport system.
it carries blood from the heart to all the cells of the
body.
this provides them with food and oxygen.
it also carries waste products including carbon
dioxide away from the cells.
blood is pumped to the lungs so that oxygen and
carbon dioxide can be exchanged.
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the system consists of the heart, blood vessels and
the blood.
the left hand side of the heart is the part that pumps
oxygenated (oxygen rich) blood around the body. The
right hand side of the heart receives deoxygenated
(oxygen poor) blood that has been around the body,
and pumps it back to the lungs again.
THE HEART ACTS AS A PUMP IN A DOUBLE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
the blood flows around a ‘figure of eight’ circuit and
passes through the heart TWICE on each circuit.
blood travels AWAY from the heart through the
ARTERIES and then returns to the heart through the
VIENS.
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there are TWO SEPARATE CIRCULATION
SYSTEMS.
one ‘loop’ carries blood from the heart to the lungs
and then back to the heart.
the other ‘loop’ carries blood from the heart to all
other parts of the body and then back to the heart.
HOW THE HEART PUMPS BLOOD
RELAXATION PHASE - blood flows into the heart
from the lungs and body. The upper chambers then
squeeze blood into the lower chambers
CONTRACTION PHASE - the lower chambers
contract forcing blood to the body and lungs. The
cycle then starts again.
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THE BODY’S NEEDS:
it is important to understand that the circulatory
system and the respiratory system work together.
every cell in our body needs oxygen and nutrients in
order to produce energy.
cells use oxygen to break down the nutrients we get
from the food we eat to release energy.
the respiratory and circulatory systems are
responsible for delivering oxygen and food to all cells
of the body.
an efficient respiratory system ensures that the
maximum amount of oxygen reaches the lungs and
gets into the bloodstream.
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an efficient circulatory system ensures that the
maximum amount of oxygen then gets pumped to the
muscles and other organs allowing them to work
effectively.
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performance and participation in sport and physical
activity are likely to be better, if the two systems work
effectively.
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our respiratory and circulatory systems have different
limits these can vary from person to person.
However, these limits can be pushed by training.
The Heart
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The main veins and arteries of the circulatory
system:
VEINS superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
femoral vein
jugular vein
ARTERIES carotid artery
aorta
brachial artery
femoral artery
Circulation and Respiration:
Participation and Performance
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LACTIC ACID muscles need oxygen to work effectively, however in
anaerobic exercise muscles can work for a short time
without oxygen.
if there is not enough supply of oxygen for the
amount the muscles require, a new energy source
must be found. This is done by converting the
energy we store in our bodies (carbohydrates) into
GLYCOGEN.
GLYCOGEN is a form of energy that muscles can
use without needing energy.
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anaerobic exercise, using glycogen rather then
oxygen can only go on for a short amount of time.
when muscles have to work anaerobically they
produce a waste product, a chemical called LATIC
ACID. This is a poison that stops muscles working
effectively.
as muscles continue to work without oxygen, lactic
acid gradually builds up. The muscles will begin to
ache and eventually fatigue sets in.
the cramp will not go away until the muscle is rested
while the blood brings fresh oxygen to it again.
lactic acid builds up much more quickly in activities
requiring all out effort than it does in endurancebased activities. Mainly because in endurance based
activities the muscles are not working as hard.
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OXYGEN DEBT the amount of oxygen that reaches our muscle can
have a major effect on performance and participation.
when the rate at which muscles work is greater than
the body’s ability to supply oxygen, the result is
shortage of oxygen and then this will lead to fatigue.
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this oxygen shortage is called OXYGEN DEBT
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in order for the muscles to work again efficiently this
must be repaid. This is done by taking gulps of air
until enough oxygen has been taken in to allow the
removal of lactic acid and the replenishment of
muscle energy stores.
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The supply of oxygen to our muscles is limited by
our capacity to take in oxygen during a
performance and for that oxygen to reach
working muscles efficiently
DURATION lactic acid accumulation and oxygen debt is
influenced by the duration and the nature of an
activity.
sprinters consume energy very quickly without taking
in oxygen (anaerobic) which means that the onset of
fatigue occurs very quickly within the matter of
seconds.
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in longer events fatigue develops much more
gradually as the body is able to process some of its
lost energy and minimise lactic acid build up during
exercise or competition.
RECOVERY RATE a sprinter can recover from an all out effort in the
matter of minutes.
this is the time it takes for the accumulation of lactic
acid in the muscles to fall to an acceptable level for
muscles to start working efficiently again.
events such as the marathon require a longer period
of recovery time, it can be hours before the heart rate
and respiratory rate return to normal levels.
Sprinter Linford Christie would recover in the matter of
minutes after 100 metres sprint
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TOLERANCE this is the amount of work the body can cope with.
it varies from individual to individual. However, it is
possible to increase the body’s tolerance of lactic
acid build up and oxygen debt by improving fitness.
Benefits of Exercise: The
Circulatory System.
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THE UK LEAD A SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE!!! meaning that we sit down a lot.
for athletes and the general population the benefits of
regular exercise only differ in the level, intensity and
frequency with which they need to be practised.
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STRONGER CARDIAC MUSCLE cardiac muscle (heart) becomes stronger with regular
activity and exercise.
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The heart increases in size as it becomes stronger
a stronger and larger heart produces the following
desirable effects:
• increased stroke volume
• increased cardiac output
• lower resting heart rate
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INCREASED STOKE VOLUME stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped from
the heart in a single beat. Normally measured when
resting.
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INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT cardiac means ‘of the heart’ like cardiac muscle,
cardiac output also means how much blood the heart
pumps out.
it is measured in terms of the total volume of blood
pumped from the heart during one minute
CARDIAC OUT = STROKE VOLUME X BEATS
PER MINUTE
LOWER RESTING HEART BEAT a stronger and larger heart pumps more blood
around the body each time it beats.
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resting heart rates vary between individuals, but they
are normally between 60 beats per minute (bpm) and
80 bpm. People who exercise regularly tend to have
resting heart rates of between 50-60 bpm.
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OLYMPIC ROWING CHAMPION, STEVE
REDGRAVE HAS A RESTING HEART RATE OF
BETWEEN 40-45 BPM
RETIRED SPANISH CYCLIST, MIGUEL INDURAIN
HAS A RESTING HEART RATE OF 27 BPM.
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MEASURING YOUR PULSE
to measure your heart rate you need to measure your
pulse.
to count the number of times your heart beats in a
minute you need to count your pulse over a minute.
the most common place to measure your pulse are at
the radial pulse on the inside of your wrist and the
carotid pulse, this is on your neck to one side of your
Adams apple (larynx).
Improving Performance: The
Respiratory System
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GASEOUS EXCHANGE air breathed into the lungs contains oxygen.
in the lungs the oxygen passes into the bloodstream,
at the same time carbon dioxide from the blood is
transferred into the lungs and breath out. This
process is called gaseous exchange.
The lungs are a very big surface if they were
flattened out they would cover over 55 square
metres!
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the lung is largely made up of alveoli, these are tiny
sacs surrounded by capillaries.
as we breathe in the tiny sacs of the alveoli fill with air
and when you breathe out they empty.
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the process of gaseous exchange involves both the
respiratory and circulatory systems and work more
efficiently where blood supply and oxygen are
delivered effectively to the lungs.
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BENEFITS FROM EXERCISE
regular exercise and training can improve the way the
lungs functions the following improvements can be
made in the way they work.
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Increased vital capacity - this is the total volume of
air you can move in and out of the lungs in one deep
breath or one complete breathing cycle.
Increased tidal volume - this is the amount of air
entering and leaving your system with each breath.
Oxygen debt tolerance - increasing both the
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and the vital
capacity of the lungs means that the body is more
able to tolerate oxygen debt during exercise.
The Blood and Physical Activity
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Blood has three main functions, all of which speed in
during physical activity. There are
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TRANSPORT
PROTECTION
REGULATION
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TRANSPORT - blood transports oxygen from the
lungs back to the body’s tissues and carbon dioxide
back to the lungs to be exhaled. The efficient
transportation of oxygen is important to an athlete.
PROTECTION - blood contains clotting agents that
help us to stop bleeding if we get cut it also contains
white blood cells to protect against infection.
REGULATION - blood helps to regulate the body’s
temperature. Veins and capillaries will expand and
contract in order to keep or lose heat.
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COMPONENTS OF BLOOD if blood is allowed to stand without clotting, it
separates into four components. They are:
PLASMA
PLATELETS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
RED BLOOD CELLS
PLASMA - is a straw coloured liquid that transports:
carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs
glucose from the small intestine to the cells
wastes from the cells
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PLATELETS - are tiny pieces of cell which have no
nucleus
they clump together when a blood vessel is damaged
and form a meshwork of fibres to produce a clot
WHITE CELLS - have a nucleus which is variable in
shape
they are the body’s main defence against infection
and disease
some engulf invading microbes to defend the body,
while others produce antibodies to attack them.
there is one white cell for every six hundred red cells.
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RED CELLS - have no nucleus at all
they have no cells so that they can pack in more
haemoglobin.
haemoglobin carries oxygen in the cells
Aerobic And Anaerobic
Respiration
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
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PROVIDING OXYGEN TO CELLS
the circulatory system carries oxygen from the lungs
to the all the body cells.
this oxygen is needed to release energy from glucose
in aerobic respiration so that the working cells have
enough energy to do their work.
the rate in which oxygen is delivered to the cells
depends on the rate at which the lungs can absorb
oxygen and the rate at which the heart can deliver it.
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AEROBIC RESPIRATION - ‘ is the release of
energy from the breakdown of glucose by
combining it with oxygen inside living cells’
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FACTSone molecule of glucose can provide twenty times as
much energy as anaerobic respiration
it occurs in everyday activity and accounts for our
energy production up to about 60% of maximum
effort.
it does not produce energy very quickly - only about
1/3rd as quickly as anaerobic
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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
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this is the release of a little bit of energy, very quickly,
from the incomplete breakdown of glucose in the
absence of oxygen
this happens when the muscles need to work so hard
that the lungs and bloodstream cannot deliver
enough oxygen to respire the available aerobically
GLUCOSE ------- LACTIC ACID + A BIT OF
ENERGY
OXYGEN DEBT -
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because the glucose can only be partly broken down
in the absence of oxygen lactic acid is produced
together with a much smaller amount of energy.
build up of lactic acid causes acute fatigue in oxygen
debt, which must be repaid by continued deep
breathing after exercise.
FACTS it only produces 1/20th as much energy as aerobic
respiration
it produces energy three times faster and is used
during in high intensity (explosive) activity over a
short period.
after a relatively short time the build up of lactic acid
affects the performance of the muscles and an
oxygen debt is incurred.