Transcript ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF HUMAN BODY

ANATOMY AND FUNCTION
OF HUMAN BODY
(be health and safe in your workplace)
dr. NURUL HIDAYATI, M.Sc
Department of Anatomy-Histology
Faculty of Medicine
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Demands of work duties and environment
Safety and Health issue at work
Learning Objectives
Understand roles of anatomy structure and
function of human body in a working area in term of
safety and healthy at work
Be able to optimize the role of anatomy and
function of human body to improve someone’s
performance at work
For specific reason, applying knowledge of
anatomy and function of human body in relevant
field of areas as the professional practice
Complex structures and function to live
From simple to complex …
Levels of Organization
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organs
System Level
Organismic Level
Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical Level - atomic and molecular level
Cellular level - smallest living unit of the body
Tissue level
Group of cells and the materials surrounding them
that work together on one task
4 basic tissue types: epithelium, muscle, connective
tissue, and nerve
Levels of Structural Organization
Organ level - consists of two or more types of primary tissues
that function together to perform a particular function
Example: Stomach
○ Inside of stomach lined with epithelial tissue
○ Wall of stomach contains smooth muscle
○ Nervous tissue in stomach controls muscle contraction and gland secretion
○ Connective tissue binds all the above tissues together
System - collection of related organs with a common function,
sometimes an organ is part of more than one system
Organismic level - one living individual
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Anatomy structures of human body

nervous system

respiratory system
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excretory system
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integumentary system
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digestive system
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skeletal system
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circulatory system
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reproductive system
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muscular system
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endocrine system

lymphatic (immune) system
Body Systems
Body Systems
Basic mechanism to
survive / live
 Keeping the Balance
Homeo – unchanging
Statis – standing
Homeostasis
“The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a relatively
constant internal environment within a dynamic state of
equilibrium when outside conditions change
Internal conditions change/vary within narrow limits.
• Body systems must respond to changes quickly and in
the right way.
• Homeostasis is essential for survival and function of all cells
What can go wrong with homeostasis?
• A problem in one body system may cause
problems in other body systems.
• Lack of food and the presence of toxins or
pathogens may disrupt the proper functioning of
body systems.
• Problems with cells, tissues, or organs can cause
problems in the body.
• If cells cannot get energy or necessities, they
cannot work properly.
• When the body cannot maintain homeostasis, it is
easier for pathogens to invade the body
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Homeostatic Control Systems
Control systems are grouped into two classes
Intrinsic controls
○ Local controls that are inherent in an organ
Extrinsic controls
○ Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ
○ Accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems
Two mechanisms
Autoregulation – when a tissue, organ or organ
system responds automatically
Extrinsic regulation – when response results from the
action of one of the two organ systems that control or adjust
the function of many other systems simultaneously
Homeostatic Control Systems
Feedforward - term used for responses made in
anticipation of a change
Feedback - refers to responses made after change
has been detected
Negative feedback loop
original stimulus reversed
most feedback systems in the body are negative
used for conditions that need frequent adjustment
Positive feedback loop
original stimulus intensified
seen during normal childbirth
Negative Feedback Loop
Receptor - structures that monitor
a controlled condition and
detect changes
Control center –
determines next action
Effector
receives directions from
the control center
produces a response that restores the
controlled condition
Negative Feedback Loop
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Homeostasis – Negative Feedback Loop
Blood glucose concentrations rise after a sugary meal (the
stimulus), the hormone insulin is released and it speeds up the
transport of glucose out of the blood and into selected tissues
(the response), so blood glucose concentrations decrease (thus
decreasing the original stimulus).
Homeostasis of Blood Pressure
Baroreceptors in walls of
blood vessels detect an
increase in BP
Brain receives input and
signals blood vessels
and heart
Blood vessels dilate, HR
decreases
BP decreases
Positive Feedback during Childbirth
Stretch receptors in walls of uterus send
signals to the brain
Brain induces release of hormone (oxytocin)
into bloodstream
Uterine smooth muscle contracts more
forcefully
More stretch, more hormone, more
contraction etc.
Cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease
in stretch
Role of Body Systems in
Homeostasis
THANK YOU …..