Transcript Basic Anatomy - es26medic.net

Basic Anatomy
Aaron J. Katz, AEMT-P, CIC
www.es26medic.net
Outline
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General Anatomy
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By body region
An overview
Airway Anatomy
Breathing Mechanics
Body Substance Isolation
Some Definitions
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Anatomy
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Physiology
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Study of human structure
Study of human function
Pathophysiology
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Study of what happens when normal
physiology does not work correctly
Anatomic Position
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Person facing forward with palms facing
forward
Used to provide uniformity in describing
the body and its components
Examples…
Terms of Direction
Posterior
Back
Anterior
Front (belly side)
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Upper part of body
Lower part of body
Toward the midline
Away from the midline
Nearer to the body
Further from the body
(Dorsal)
(Ventral)
Terms of Direction -- 2
Cephalic
Relating to the head
Caudal
Relating to the tail
Erect
Body standing upright
Supine
Lying on the back
Prone
Lying face downward
Laterally recumbent Lying on the side
(Recovery Position)
Movements
Flexion
Decrease in angle between 2 bones
Extension
Increase in angle between 2 bones
Abduction Movement away from the midline
Adduction Movement towards the midline
Positions
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Prone
Supine
Fowler’s Position
Semi-Fowler’s Position
Trendelenberg Position
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Shock Position
Musculoskeletal System
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Three main functions
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Divided into two segments
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Shape
Protection
Movement
Axial
Appendicular
206 bones
Skull
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Skull vs. Cranium
Four parts
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Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Skull -- 2
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Orbits
Nasal bones
Zygoma
Maxilla
Mandible
Spinal Column – 5 divisions
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Cervical – 7 “bones”
Thoracic – 12 bones
Lumbar – 5 bones
Sacrum – 5 bones
Coccyx – 4 bones (“fused”)
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“Tail”
Thorax
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12 pairs of ribs
10 pairs articulate with sternum
2 lowest pairs are called “floating ribs”
Sternum – 3 parts
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Manubrium
Sternal “body”
Xyphoid Process
Pelvis
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Ilium
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Ischium
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Posterior portion
Pubis
Acetabulum
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Large bone containing the “iliac crests”
Socket of the hip joint
Fractures in the pelvic area are often life
threatening…
Lower Extremities
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Femur – thigh
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Largest bone of the body
Patella – Knee cap
Tibia – Shin
Fibula
Lower Extremities -- 2
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Malleolus
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Tarsals
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Ankle
Metatarsals
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Lateral and medial
Foot
Phalanges
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Toes
Lower Extremities -- 3
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Arteries
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Femoral
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis Pedis
Upper Extremities
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Clavicle
 Most frequently broken bone in the body
Scapula
Shoulder Girdle
Humerus
Radius / Ulna
Carpals, Metacarpal, Phalanges
Arteries
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Brachial, Radial, Ulnar
Joints
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Fused
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Hinged
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Skull
Fontanelles
Fingers, Knee
Ball and Socket
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Shoulder
“Hip”
Muscles
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Same function as skeleton
Three types of muscles
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Voluntary
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Under control of brain via the nervous system
Responsible for movement
Involuntary
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Responsible to “automatically” control
GI, GU, Blood Vessel Size, Breathing, Heart
“Beat”
Cardiac Muscle
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Specialized form of involuntary muscle
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Has the property of automaticity
Allows the heart to generate electrical
impulse on its own
Automaticity and heart disease
The Abdomen
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Divided into four quadrants
RUQ
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LUQ
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Stomach, Spleen, Colon
RLQ
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Liver, Gallbladder, Colon
Appendix, Colon
LLQ
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Colon
The Abdomen -- 2
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Small Intestine
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Found in all quadrants
Retroperitoneal Organs
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Pancreas
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Urinary Bladder
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Behind RUQ and LUQ
Behind RLQ and LLQ
Kidneys
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Above the level of the umbilicus
Abdominopelvic Organs
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Hollow
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Stomach
Small Intestine
Appendix
Large Intestine (colon)
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Abdominopelvic Organs
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Solid
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Liver
Spleen
Kidneys
Pancreas
Abdominopelvic Organs
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Reproductive
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Female
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Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, Vagina
Male
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Scrotum, Penis
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All organs are outside of the body cavity
Airway Anatomy
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Mouth / Nose
Oropharynx / Nasopharynx
Pharynx
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Throat
Airway Anatomy -- 2
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Trachea
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“Tube” surrounded by semicircular
cartilage – giving it shape
Top cartilage is the Cricoid Cartilage
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Totally surrounds the tube
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Many implications in emergency medicine
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Ventilation
CPR
…
Airway Anatomy -- 3
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Bronchi
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3 on the right side
2 on the left side
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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One cell thick
Oxygen (O2) in
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) out
O2 and CO2 diffuse to/from capillaries
to/from alveoli – the action is here!
Breathing Mechanics
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Inhalation – an active process
CO2 level in the bloodstream rises
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
Ribs and lungs move upward and outward
Lung capacity increases
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Causing lower air pressure in the lungs than in the
atmosphere – and therefore –
Air rushes into the lungs – UNTIL
Atmospheric pressure = air pressure in
lungs
Breathing Mechanics -- 2
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Exhalation – A passive process
Diaphragm and intercostals move
upward
Ribs and lungs move downward and
inward
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Causing higher air pressure in the lungs
than in the atmosphere
Air leaves the lungs
Breathing Mechanics -- 3
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CO2 level rises
The entire process begins again
…
Body Substance Isolation
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“BSI”
Protect Yourself
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and your patient
Gloves
Eye Protection (goggles)
Gown
Use common sense!
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But don’t intimidate your patient!