Transcript (b).

Review Sheet
Final Exam
Scientific Method
Know the definition of the following. Be able to identify these in an experiment.
a. Problem
is what you are trying to solve.
b. Hypothesis is an educated guess.
c. Control group is part of the experiment that remains constant.
d. Experimental group is part of the experiment being tested.
e. Variable is the factor being tested.
f. Procedures are the steps taken in an experiment.
g. Conclusion answers the problem.
Classification
What is classification? Classification is separating organisms into groups
according to similarities and differences.
What are the 5 kingdoms?
Animals, Plants, Moneran, Protist, Fungi
Know the characteristics of each kingdom AND examples of organisms in each kingdom
Plant
Multicellular
Makes own food
(autotroph)
Animal
Multicellular
Does not make own food
(heterotroph)
Moneran
Unicellular
Some make own food
Some don’t
Fungi
Multicellular/ Unicellular
Does not make their own food.
(heterotroph)
Protist
Unicellular/Multi
Some make their own food.
(autotroph)
Some do not make their own food.
(heterotroph)
What is the main difference between plants and fungi?
Fungi cannot make
their own food.
What is the difference between members of the plant and members of the
animal kingdom? Plants make their own food.
What does coldblooded mean?
Body temperature changes with the
environment. Animals must change
locations to maintain homeostasis.
Give examples of coldblooded animals fish, reptiles, amphibians
What does warm-blooded mean? Body temperature does not change with
the environment.
Give examples of warm-blooded animals birds and mammals
Give the characteristics of the following classes of animals and give examples
reptiles
dry, scaly skin
lay eggs on land
lizards, snakes, turtles
fish
scales and gills
perch, trout, salmon,
catfish, bass
mammals
birds
feathers, hollow
bones
robin, owl, eagle
Hair or fur
give birth to live
young
Humans, dogs, cats,
Lions, whales, bats
amphibians
slimy skin, spend part
of life in water and part on land
newts, frogs, salamanders
What is the scientific name of humans? Homo sapiens
Cells, Organization and Cell Processes
Know the definitions of the following
a. Cell is the smallest part of a living thing.
b. Tissue is a group of similar cells that work together.
c. Organ is a group of tissues that work together.
d. Organ system is made of organs that work together.
e. Organism is made of organ systems that
that work together.
brain (nerve) cell
brain tissue
brain
nervous system
What are the functions of the following cell parts
a. Nucleus Is the control center of the cell,
controls all cell activities.
b. Endoplasmic reticulum Is a tube-like passageways
that transport proteins.
c. Mitochondria is the “powerhouse of the cell”
because it produces energy.
d. Cell wall is located outside the cell membrane in a plant cellit supports and protects the plant cell.
e. Cell membrane surrounds outside of the cell –
it allows materials to pass
in and out of the cell.
f. Vacuoles
store food, water and wastes.
g. Chromosomes are located in the nucleus and contains
genes that control traits.
h. DNA is a molecule that is shaped like a double helix.
It contains the genetic code and is located
in the nucleus.
List 3 differences between plant and animal cells
Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts and large vacuoles.
cell wall
vacuole
chloroplast
Know the definition of the following cell processes
a. Diffusion is movement of materials from areas of high
concentration to areas of low concentration.
b. Osmosis
is the diffusion of water.
c. Plasmolysis is the loss of water by a cell causing
the cell to shrink.
Give examples of osmosis
gummy bear in
fresh water
Plants wilt when placed in salt water
because water diffuses out of cell
by osmosis.
Give examples that would result in the condition of plasmolysis
gummy bear in salt water
Give examples of diffusion. Iodine diffuses into dialysis tubing.
Explain the relationship of a cell membrane pore to the size of a molecule
that is able to enter the cell.
The molecule must be small enough to fit through
pore.
Cell Division
What is meiosis? Cell division that results in ½ the number of chromosomes.
2 chromosomes
1 chromosome
Meiosis produces sex cells with 1/2 the number of chromosomes of a
body cell.
In humans, meiosis results in sex cells with how many chromosomes? 23
What is mitosis? Mitosis is cell division which results in a cell with the
same number of chromosomes as the original cell.
2 chromosomes
2 chromosomes
2 chromosomes
Mitosis results in body cells with the same number of chromosomes
as the original cell.
How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? 46
Characteristics of Life
List the characteristics of living things
metabolism (ingestion,
digestion,
respiration,
excretion)
movement
reproduction
grow and development
made of cell(s)
respond to a stimulus
Needs of Living Things: FESWOP: Food for energy,
shelter and space, water, oxygen and proper body temp.
Organisms combine O2 with sugar to get energy.
(cellular respiration)
By which life process do organisms continue to maintain their existence?
reproduction
What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? Sun
What is metabolism? Metabolism is all the chemical activities that occur
in an organism.
What influences metabolism?
diet
exercise
hormones
Bacteria and Viruses
What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?
round (coccus)
rod (bacillus)
spiral (spirillus)
What conditions do bacteria favor? warm temperatures, high moisture, food
Why are some bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics? Cell walls have
mutated to make
antibiotics ineffective.
What is needed for bacteria to reproduce? proper temperature, moisture,
**** does NOT need a living cell to reproduce food source
What is needed for viruses to reproduce? a host – a living cell
Explain ways that bacteria are helpful and harmful used in food (helpful)
cause disease (harmful)
Are antibiotics used to fight bacteria or viruses? bacteria
Reproduction
Explain the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
Asexual requires one parent and offspring are identical to parent.
Sexual requires two parents, offspring not identical to parent
causing a variety of traits within a species.
What is fertilization? egg + sperm unite
Plants
Explain the process of photosynthesis.
CO2 + H2O
chlorophyll
O2 + food
sunlight
In the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight, plants take in
carbon dioxide from the air and water from the ground. They
produce oxygen (released into the air) and make food (glucose).
What is a tropism? Response of a plant to a stimulus.
What is a phototropism? Response of a plant to light.
What plant parts exhibit positive or negative phototropism?
Stems show positive.
They bend toward light.
Roots show negative.
They grow away from light.
What is geotropism?
Geotropism is a plant ‘s response to gravity.
Stems show negative geotropism,
grow upward away from the Earth.
Roots show positive geotropism,
grow downward toward Earth.
Human Biology
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Support, protection and
movement
What are ligaments? Ligaments are tissues that attaches bone to bone.
What are tendons?
Tendons are tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
What are joints? A joint is where 2 or more bones meet.
What is cartilage? Cartilage is tissue that cushions and reduces friction.
Where is cartilage located? ears, nose, between vertebrae and at joints
Fixed joint
cranium
Ball and socket joint
Hinge joint
Ball and socket joint
Gliding joint
Hinge joint
Gliding joint
What is the function of the muscular system?
Movement and flexibility
What is skeletal muscle? Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by
tendons and move the body.
Work in pairs: when one contracts the other
relaxes.
What is smooth muscle? Located in the digestive
and respiratory system
What is cardiac muscle? Located in the heart
Give a definition of voluntary muscle Muscles that are under your control.
Examples arms, legs, neck
Give a definition of involuntary muscle Muscles that are not under your
control.
Examples digestive, cardiac
What is the function of the Circulatory System? Transports materials and oxygen
to the cells and carbon dioxide
from the cells.
How many chambers in the human heart? 4
What are veins? Veins are vessels that carry
blood to the heart.
What are arteries? Arteries are vessels that carry
blood away from the heart.
What are capillaries? Very thin (one cell thick) walled vessels that
connect arteries to veins.
Where are blood cells made? In bone marrow
What is the substance in red blood cells that
carries oxygen? Hemoglobin
What do white blood cells do? Fight Infection
What do platelets do? Platelets are involved in clotting of blood.
What is a pulse? Measure of the heartbeat or heart rate per minute
Know where the following parts of the heart are located and
what they do:
Aorta Is the largest artery that carries blood away from the heart.
Pulmonary artery
takes blood from the heart to the lungs.
Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
Left ventricle pumps blood to the body.
Inferior vena cava takes blood from the lower
body to the heart.
Superior vena cava takes blood from the
upper body to the heart.
Pulmonary vein takes blood from the lungs
to the heart.
Lung
The general
pathway
of blood is heart
to lungs to heart
to body.
Lung
What is the function of the nervous system? Sends and receives messages and
coordinates other body systems
What is the main job of the brain? Brain sends and receives
messages.
What do the following parts of the brain control?
Cerebellum controls movement
and balance.
Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.
(thinking, reasoning,
hearing, seeing)
medulla
Medulla controls heartbeat,
breathing, and
blood pressure.
What do spinal nerves do?
Nerves take impulses to and from the
spinal cord, to the body and
spinal cord.
What is the job of the spinal cord? Spinal cord transfers impulses
to and from brain.
Know the following about a reflex act. Be able to recognize on a diagram.
What is a stimulus? Change in environment
What does the sensory neuron do? Picks up
stimulus
What does the interneuron do? Transfers impulse
from sensory
to motor neuron
Where is it located? Spinal cord
sensory
What does the motor neuron do? Causes response.
What is a response? An action (what occurs)
interneuron
motor
stimulus
response
What is digestion? Digestion is breaking down of food into nutrients.
What are the organs of the digestion system?
Be able to label these on the diagram.
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Trace the path of food through the digestive system.
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
What do the following organs of the digestive system
do?
Stomach Mechanical digestion- churns food
Chemical digestion= gastric juices
and pepsin.
Large Intestine (colon) removes water
from waste.
Small intestine is where most digestion
absorption takes place.
Liver produces bile.
Why would someone get diarrhea?
Large intestine does not absorb water
because waste is moving too quickly.
Genetics
What is a phenotype?
Physical appearance
What is a genotype? Gene makeup of an organism. (pair of letters)
What sex chromosomes does a male have? XY
What sex chromosomes does a female have? XX
B
b
b
Punnett
Square
B
b
B=black b=brown
Dominant=B
B
Recessive=b
Hybrid=Bb
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
B
Bb
Bb
Bb
Bb
Phenotype of offspring= All black
Genotype of offspring= 4 Bb
Ratio 3:1
Black : brown
Probability of getting:
Black= ¾ = 75%
Brown= ¼ = 25%
Ecology
Know the following definitions:
Producer: Organism that can make its own food.
Consumer: Feeds on other organisms
Herbivore: Eats plants
Carnivore: Eats meat
Omnivore: Eats plants and animals
Decomposer: Feeds on dead matter
and breaks it down
Energy Pyramid: Shows the flow of
energy through a food
chain or web. Energy
decreases as you go
up.
Genetics
In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b).
1. Fill in the blanks in the Punnett square below to determine a cross between
a female hybrid (heterozygous) black guinea pig and male pure white
guinea pig.
B
b
b
b
Phenotype: Black
Phenotype: White
Genotype : Bb
Genotype: bb
Phenotype: Black
Phenotype: White
Genotype: Bb
Genotype: bb
2. If 4 offspring are produced from this cross, what is the ratio of black
to white in the off spring? 2:2
3. Are the black offspring hybrid (heterozygous) or pure (homozygous)?
Hybrid (heterozygous)
What is the % chance of getting white offspring in this cross? 50%
Use the pedigree below to answer the questions.
P is the allele for widow’s peak
p is the allele for straight line hair
5. How many generations are shown? 3
1
6. How many children did the parents
#1 and #2 have? 4
7. What is the genotype #1? Pp
What is the phenotype
of #1? Widow’s peak
8. What numbers are
hybrid (heterozygous)? 1,2,5,7
3
2
5
4
7
9. What numbers have straight line hair? 4,6,8,9
10. What number(s) most likely have the
genotype PP? 3
11. How many females have the recessive trait? 1
12. How many males have the dominant trait? 4
8
6
9
= male
= female
= recessive
trait
The Microscope
What are the functions of the following parts of a microscope
ocular (eyepiece) what you look through and 10X
coarse adjustment knob focuses scanning (4X) and low power (10X)
fine adjustment knob focuses high power (40X)
clips holds slide in place
diaphragm
stage
regulates amount of light
where you place the slide
How do you determine the total magnification of a microscope?
multiply the ocular power by the lens power
You are given the following: gummy bear, paper towel and a balance.
How would you determine the mass of the gummy bear?
Mass the paper towel, mass the paper towel and the gummy,
then subtract the mass of the paper towel.
pH
Acid: 1-6
Base: 8-14
Neutral: 7
nucleus
vacuole
chromosome
endoplasmic
reticulum (E.R.)
cell membrane
ribosome
nucleus
cell wall
vacuole
E.R.
mitochondria
chloroplast
ocular
coarse adjustment knob
fine adjustment knob
body tube
arm
revolving nosepiece
high power objective
low power objective
stage
clips
diaphragm
light
superior
vena
cava
salivary
glands
aorta
pulmonary
artery
liver
esophagus
left
atrium
inferior
vena
cava
large
intestine
valve
left
ventricle
rectum
right
atrium
right
ventricle
sensory
neuron
interneuron
motor
neuron
cerebrum
cerebellum
medulla
spinal cord
spinal nerves
Asexual reproduction –
genetic material of
daughter cell is
identical to parent cell