Transcript Exercise 36 Respiratory System

Exercise 36
Anatomy of the
Respiratory System
Objectives
• Respiratory system structures
• Respiratory system, pulmonary
ventilation, external respiration,
internal respiration
• Bronchi vs. bronchioles—structure and
function
Respiratory system structures
• Nasal cavity
– External nares
(nostrils)
– Conchae (lobelike
structures—
increase air
turbulence)
• Superior, middle,
inferior
Fig. 23-3
• Nasal cavity
– Meatuses: passageways between conchae
• Superior, middle, inferior
Fig. 23-3
• Nasal cavity
– Internal nares
Fig. 23-3
Palate
• Separates nasal and oral cavities
– Hard palate
• anterior
– Soft palate
• posterior
– Uvula
Fig. 23-3
TONSILS
– Pharyngeal
• Paired masses of lymphoid
tissue (protect respiratory
passages from pathogens)
– Palatine
• Laterally located near soft
palate
– Lingual
• Covers base of tongue
Fig. 23-3
Paranasal Sinuses
• Resonance chambers in speech,
mucosae warm/moisten incoming air
– Sphenoidal
– Frontal
PHARYNX
• “throat”—connects
nasal/oral cavities to
larynx and esophagus
below
– Nasopharynx
• Posterior to nasal
cavity, above soft palate
• Pharyngeal tonsils on
posterior wall
• Eustachian tubes drain
into it laterally
Fig. 23-3
PHARYNX
– Oropharynx
• Posterior to oral cavity
• Soft palate to epiglottis
• Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil
– Laryngopharynx
• Epiglottis to larynx
Fig. 23-3
LARYNX (“voicebox”)
– Epiglottis—flaplike, flexible elastic
cartilage; lid over
the larynx when
swallow
– Hyoid bone
Fig. 23-3
LARYNX (“voicebox”)
Fig. 23-4
LARYNX (“voicebox”)
– False vocal cords
(vestibular folds)—
superior
– True vocal cords
(vocal folds)—
inferior, vibrate
expelled air
(speech)
Fig. 23-4
LARYNX (“voicebox”)
Glottis—slit-like passage between the folds
Fig. 23-5
LARYNX (“voicebox”)
– Arytenoid cartilages
• Ladle-shaped; attach
vocal cords
posteriolaterally
– Corniculate cartilages
• Horn-shaped; articulate
w/arytenoid cartilages
Fig. 23-4
LARYNX (“voicebox”)
– Thyroid cartilage—large, shield-shaped.
Anterior = “adam’s apple”
– Cricoid cartilage—inferior to thyroid cartilage;
ring-shaped
Fig. 23-4
TRACHEA (“windpipe”)
Fig. 23-6
(pseudostratified columnar
epithelium, secretes
mucous via goblet
cells…cilia propel
foreign objects in the
mucous toward the
throat)
TRACHEA (“windpipe”)
– Tracheal cartilages/bands (c-shaped
cartilage rings--reinforcement)
– Down to sternal angle (T4-T5), then splits:
•
•
•
•
Primary bronchi (right, left) into each lung, then
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
“Respiratory Tree”
Fig. 23-6
• Primary bronchi (right,
left) into each lung,
then
• Secondary bronchi
• Tertiary bronchi
• Bronchioles
Fig. 23-10
BRONCHIOLES then divide into:
Terminal bronchioles which divide into
Respiratory bronchioles (terminal
branches) which divide into several
Alveolar ducts, which terminate into
Alveolar sacs—look like grape clusters
Alveoli—balloon-like expansions of sacs,
simple squamous epithelium, combined
with capillaries surrounding them, make
the RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE---GAS
EXCHANGE OCCURS HERE
BRONCHIOLES then divide into:
Fig. 23-10
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles (terminal branches)
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
ALVEOLI:
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
(common to many alveoli)
Alveoli
(~150 million
per lung)
Fig. 23-10
LUNGS
• Pulmonary artery (blood away from
heart to lung)
• Pulmonary vein (from lung to heart)
• Lungs
– Right has 3 lobes (superior, middle,
inferior)
– Left has 2 lobes (superior, inferior)
RIGHT: 3 lobes
LEFT: 2 lobes
Fig. 23-7
PLEURAE
(serous membrane, double-layered)
– Parietal layer = outer layer
• Attached to thoracic walls and diaphragm
• (Diaphragm = muscle)
– Visceral layer = inner layer
• Covers lung tissue
Additional terms:
• Respiratory System
– Using respiration, it supplies the body with
oxygen, gets rid of carbon dioxide
• Pulmonary ventilation
– Movement of air into/out of lungs
(breathing) so gas exchange can occur at
alveoli
Additional terms:
• External respiration
– Gas exchange between blood and air-filled
chambers of lungs
– Oxygen loading, CO2 unloading
• Internal respiration
– Gas exchange between systemic blood
and tissue cells
– Oxygen unloading, CO2 loading
Microscope Work
• Lung tissue
• Trachea