Transcript Reptiles - Biology Junction

Biology
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What Is a Reptile?
What Is a Reptile?
A reptile is a vertebrate that has dry, scaly
skin, lungs, and terrestrial eggs with
several membranes.
These characteristics enable reptiles to live
their entire lives out of water.
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Evolution of Reptiles
Evolution of Reptiles
Reptiles were the first vertebrates that were not
dependent on water for reproduction.
The first reptile fossil dates back to the
Carboniferous Period.
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Evolution of Reptiles
Dinosaurs
During the late Triassic and Jurassic periods, a
great adaptive radiation of reptiles took place.
The Mesozoic Era is often called the Age of
Reptiles.
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Evolution of Reptiles
Triassic Reptiles
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Evolution of Reptiles
All of dinosaurs
belonged to one of
two major groups:
•
Ornithischia,
or “bird-hipped”
dinosaurs
•
Saurischia, or
“lizard-hipped”
dinosaurs
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Form and Function in Reptiles
Adaptations that have contributed to the
success of reptiles on land are:
• well-developed lungs
• a double-loop circulatory system
• a water-conserving excretory system
• strong limbs
• internal fertilization
• shelled, terrestrial eggs
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Form and Function in Reptiles
Body Temperature Control
Reptiles are ectotherms.
Ectotherms are animals that rely on behavior to
control body temperature.
To warm up, they bask in the sun or stay under
water at night.
To cool down, they move to the shade or take
shelter in underground burrows.
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Form and Function in Reptiles
Liver
Heart
Kidney
Cloaca
Bladder
Digestive
tract
Lung
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Form and Function in Reptiles
Reproduction
Most reptiles are oviparous, laying eggs that
develop outside the mother’s body.
All reptiles reproduce by internal fertilization, in
which the male deposits sperm inside the female’s
cloaca.
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Form and Function in Reptiles
The shell and membranes protect the embryo and
prevent the egg from drying out.
This type of egg, an amniotic egg, is one of the most
important adaptations to life on land.
An amniotic egg has four membranes—the
amnion, the yolk sac, the chorion, and the allantois.
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Groups of Reptiles
Groups of Reptiles
The four surviving groups of reptiles are:
• lizards and snakes
• crocodilians
• turtles and tortoises
• tuatara
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Groups of Reptiles
Lizards
Most lizards have four legs and clawed toes.
Most lizards have external ears and movable
eyelids.
Some lizards have evolved into highly specialized
forms.
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Groups of Reptiles
Snakes
Snakes have no legs.
Snakes have immovable eyelids and no external
ear openings.
Snakes are efficient predators.
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Groups of Reptiles
Crocodilians
Crocodilians have long, broad snouts and a squat
appearance.
They prey on animals such as fishes, deer, and eve
humans. Includes Crocodiles and Alligators
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Groups of Reptiles
Turtles and Tortoises
Turtles live in water.
Tortoises live on land.
A terrapin is a turtle that lives in water that is
somewhat salty.
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Groups of Reptiles
Turtles and tortoises have a two-part shell built
into the skeleton:
•
•
a dorsal part, or carapace
a ventral part, or plastron
The head, legs, and tail emerge from holes where
the carapace and plastron join.
Tortoises and most turtles pull into their shells for
protection.
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Groups of Reptiles
Tuataras
Tuataras are found only on a few islands off New
Zealand.
They lack external ears and retain primitive scales.
They have a “third eye,” which is part of a
complex organ located on top of the brain.
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Most reptiles reproduce with
a. external fertilization and external
development.
b. internal fertilization and internal
development.
c. internal fertilization and external
development in water.
d. internal fertilization and external
development in shelled eggs.
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The yolk sac of a reptile egg functions as a
a. membrane that exchanges oxygen and
carbon dioxide for the embryo.
b. membrane that stores wastes produced by
the embryo.
c. source of nutrient-rich food for the
developing embryo.
d. shock-absorbing fluid-filled sac protecting
the embryo.
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Reptiles are
a.
ectotherms.
b.
endotherms.
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The two parts of a turtle or tortoise's shell are
the
a. terrapin and plastron.
b. carapace and plastron.
c. carapace and terrapin.
d. terrapin and carapace.
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