Transcript Human Body Systems

Human Body Systems
Human Body Organization
The Human Body
is composed of
Organ Systems
are composed of
Organs
are composed of
Tissues
are composed of
Cells
Circulatory System
Major Structures
• heart, blood vessels, blood,
lymph nodes and vessels,
lymph
Functions
• transports nutrients, wastes,
hormones, and gases
Interactions with other systems
• Nervous system :
– The brain regulates heart rate
and blood pressure.
• Respiratory system
– Gas exchange in the lungs
• Carbon dioxide and Oxygen
Cells of the Circulatory System
• Red Blood Cells are
responsible for carrying
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• White Blood Cells attack
and destroy germs when
they enter the body.
• Platelets are blood cells
that help stop bleeding.
• Plasma is the liquid part of
the blood.
Digestive System
Major Structures
• mouth, throat, esophagus,
stomach, liver, pancreas, small
and large intestines
Functions
• extracts and absorbs nutrients
from food; removes wastes;
maintains water and chemical
balances
Interactions with other systems
• Integumentary system
– vitamin D activated in the skin
plays a role in absorption of
calcium from the digestive
tract.
• Reproduction system,
– Adequate availability of
nutrients, including fats, is
essential for conception and
normal development.
Sequence of food pathway through system
•Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
Food processing begins with ingestion (eating).
The teeth aid in mechanical digestion by
masticating (chewing) food.
Upon entering the esophagus,
peristalsis (wave-like
contractions) of smooth muscle
carries the bolus toward the
stomach.
From the esophagus, the bolus passes
through a sphincter (muscular ring) into
the stomach.
• In the stomach,
food undergoes
chemical and
mechanical
digestion.
• Parts of the colon absorb water and
minerals from the undigested food and
compact the remaining material into
feces.
•
Gallbladder contains Bile
that emulsifies (breaks into
small particles) lipids (fats),
which aids in the
mechanical digestion of fats.
•
Tiny villi (finger-like
projections) cover the walls
of the small intestine. The
increased contact causes
more efficient food
absorption
Digestive System
•
What Benefits Do Gut Bacteria Provide?
• Bacteria are very useful to the human digestive system because they
produce enzymes that digest the polysaccharides in plant cell walls. When
we eat plant material, some of it contributes to the fiber in our diet, which is
good for a healthy colon, but without the enzymes released by friendly
bacteria, most of their nutritional value of vegetables would be wasted.
• Some species of bacteria in the digestive system make vitamin K and
vitamins from the B group – which are difficult to obtain from food and cannot
be manufactured by humans. As well as their helpful effects in maintaining
an optimum pH and stimulating the immune system, friendly gut bacteria
may also help in breaking down drugs, hormones that are not needed any
more, and environmental substances that have the potential to be cancercausing.
As the bacteria that live in the human gut are beneficial to their host, and the
bacteria enjoy a safe environment to live, the relationship that we have with
these tiny organisms is described as symbiosis or mutualism.
Endocrine System
Major Structures
• hypothalamus, pituitary,
pancreas, pineal, adrenal,
thyroid, parathyroid, testes,
and ovaries
Functions
• regulates body temperature,
metabolism, development, and
reproduction; maintains
homeostasis; regulates other
organ systems
Interactions with other systems
• Nervous system and
circulatory system
Excretory System
Major Structures
• kidneys, urinary bladder,
ureters, urethra, skin,
lungs
Functions
• removes wastes from
blood; regulates
concentration of body
fluids
Immune System
Major Structures
• white blood cells, lymph
nodes and vessels, skin
Functions
• defends against
pathogens and diseases
Cells of the immune system
Integumentary System
Major Structures
• skin, nails, hair,fat,nerves and
blood vessels
Functions
• protects against injury, infection,
production of Vitamin D, and fluid
loss; helps regulate body
temperature
•
Interactions with other systems
– Immune system
• First line of defense
against infection
– Nervous system
• The complex network of
the nerves present all
over the skin helps send
and receive important
impulses to and from
the brain, thus playing a
vital role in sense of
touch.
Cells of the Integumentary
• The melanocyte
produces pigment
(melanin)
• The Langerhans' cell is
the frontline defense of
the immune system in
the skin
• Adipose cells prove
insulation from heat
and cold
Muscular System
Major Structures
•
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues
Functions
•
moves limbs and trunk; moves substances
through body; provides structure and
support
Interactions with other systems
•
•
It helps the skeletal system to provide
skeletal movement
It helps the digestive system to control
entrances and exits of digestive tract
•
it works with the endocrine system to
produce heat
•
it works with the nervous system to sense
things
•
it works with the respiratory system to allow
the diaphragm to expand
•
it works with the cardiovascular system to
provide circulation
Types of Muscle Cells
Nervous System
Major Structures
• brain, spinal cord, nerves,
sense organs
Functions
• regulates behavior;
maintains homeostasis;
regulates other organ
systems; controls sensory
and motor functions
Nerve Cells
•Sensory (or afferent) neurons: send information from
sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears)
TOWARD the central nervous system.
•Motor (or efferent) neurons: send information AWAY from
the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
•Interneurons: send information between sensory neurons
and motor neurons. Most interneurons are located in the
central nervous system.
Reproductive System
Major Structures
• ovaries, uterus, and
breasts (in females);
testes and penis (in
males)
Functions
•
The male and female gonads (testes
and ovaries) produce sex cells (ova
and sperm) and the hormones
necessary for the proper development,
maintenance, and production of
gametes and offspring
Egg
Sperm
Gametes of the Reproduction system
Respiratory System
Major Structures
• lungs, nose, mouth,
trachea
Functions
• moves air into and out of
lungs; controls gas
exchange between blood
and lungs
Oxygen and carbon dioxide Gas exchange
Skeletal System
Major Structures
• bones joints and Bone marrow
Functions
• protects and supports the body and
organs; interacts with skeletal
muscles; produces red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets
Interactions with other systems
• Nervous System
– Bones provide calcium that is
essential for the proper
functioning of the nervous
system.
• Circulatory system
– The skeletal system also
protects internal organs and
produces blood cells.
Cells of the Skeletal System
Cells in the Bone that
work with the Circulatory
System