Transcript human body systems

HUMAN BODY
SYSTEMS
•Why are my
body systems
like a set of
dominos?
• THE HUMAN BODY
SYSTEMS ALL RELY
ON ONE ANOTHER.
WHEN ONE SYSTEM IS
DOWN IT AFFECTS
OTHER SYSTEMS,
LIKE DOMINOES
TOPPLING!
Skeletal System
• Framework on the body
– Composed of all the bones in your body
– The number of bones depends on age
• Newborns have 275
• Adults have 206
- This decreases because bones fuse together
Skeletal System
• 5 major functions:
– Gives shape and support to body
– Protects internal organs
– Major muscles attach to the bone
to help it move
– Blood cells are formed in the center
of many bones in soft tissue called
red marrow
– Stores calcium and phosphorous
compounds which makes the
bones hard (Got Milk)
Joints
• Where 2 bones come together to allow
bones to move in different ways.
– Immovable Joints: little or no movement
– Movable Joints: wide ranges of
movement
– Ligaments hold joints together
– Cartilage acts as a cushion between
joints to reduce friction
Joints
Hinge
Ball-and-Socket
• Allow forward and
backward movement
• Ex: Knees and elbows
• Allow greatest range in
motion.
• Ex: Shoulders and hips
Joints
Pivot
• Allows one bone to move
around the other
• Ex: Neck
Gliding
• Allows one bone to slide
over another
• Ex: Wrists and ankles
• Parts of the bone:
– Compact bone – gives the body strength,
stores calcium and phosphate.
– Spongy bone – located at the ends of bones,
has small open spaces that help make bones
lightweight and contains marrow.
– Cartilage – smooth, thick, flexible layer of
tissue that covers the ends of bones and acts
as a shock absorber
Bone and Joint Injuries
• Osteoporosis: bones
become weak and break
easily
• Fracture: Break in the
bone
– Simple fracture: cracked or
broken in 2
– Compound fracture:
broken ends stick out of
skin.
Bone and Joint Injuries
• Dislocation: End of bone comes out of
the joint.
• Sprain: Ligaments are stretched too far
Identify Injuries
-X-Rays:
Looks at bone injuries
-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
Looks at soft tissue damage
cranium
clavicle
mandible
scapula
sternum
ribs s
humerus
vertebrae
ilium
radius (thumb side)
Ulna (little pinky side)
metacarpals
carpals
phalanges
coccyx
femur
patella
tibula
fibula
tarsals
phalanges
metatarsals
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Function: movement
• Tendons- hold muscle to bone
• Two types of muscles
- voluntary- muscles you can control, examples:
skeletal muscles like biceps
- involuntary- muscles you cannot control,
examples: heart, blood vessels, stomach muscles
• Three types of muscle tissue
– Cardiac muscle- found in heart
– Smooth muscle- found in stomach and blood vessels
– Skeletal muscle- found in muscles that move bones
How Do Muscles Move Bones?
• Muscles move body parts by contracting and
then relaxing.
• They work in pairs of flexors and extensors.
– flexor contracts to bend a limb at a joint. Then,
when you've completed the movement, the flexor
relaxes and the extensor contracts to extend or
straighten the limb at the same joint.
Activity Time!!
• For example, the biceps muscle, in the
front of the upper arm, is a flexor, and the
triceps, at the back of the upper arm, is an
extensor. When you bend at your elbow,
the biceps contracts. Then the biceps
relaxes and the triceps contracts to
straighten the elbow.
flexors
masseter
trapezius
extensors
sternomastoid
Pectoralis major
deltoid
tricep
Oblique
transversus
bicep
Abdominus
rectus
gastrocnemius
Quadriceps
femoris
Latissimus
dorsi
Gluteus
maximus
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
(Skin)
-Functions: protects, sensory response,
formation of vitamin D, regulation of
body temperature and ridding the body
of wastes.
-Skin- the largest organ in the body.
Layers of Skin
a. Epidermis- is the outer layer of your skin
where new skin cells are produced.
- Melanin is a chemical produced that
protects your skin and gives it color.
b. Dermis- is the layer of cells directly below
the epidermis and contains many blood
vessels, nerves, muscles, oil and sweat
glands.
- Pores: openings in the skin
NUTRITION FOR THE BODY
• Nutrients body uses
– Proteins are broken down into amino acids (used for growth and repair)
eggs, beans, nuts, and meat
– carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose (used for
energy) breads, rice, fruits, starchy vegetables
– fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol (store energy and
cushion organs) butters, oils, fat in animals
– vitamins are used to regulate the body functions (vitamin D helps bones
to absorb calcium, and vitamin K helps blood to clot
– minerals are used to regulate the body functions
– water is in its simplest form and makes up about 70% of our body
– Fast Food Restaurants have nutritional information available.
– Health Resources: American Heart Association, American Cancer
Society, National Dairy Council, Local Cooperative Extension, National
Institutes of Health and American Dietetic Association
Digestive system
1. Function: to break down food into forms the cells
can use for energy
2. The parts of the digestive system where food
actually enters: Mouth to esophagus to
stomach to small intestine to Large intestine
to anus
3. The parts of the digestive system where food
does not enter: Liver, gall bladder and
pancreas (release enzymes to help food break
down)
4. Two types of digestion:
a. Mechanical digestion-food gets chewed in
mouth, stomach muscles break food apart.
b. Chemical digestion- salvia in mouth breaks food,
gastric juice in stomach; bile from gall bladder
breaks food with use of chemicals, enzymes
Mouth
Salivary glands
esophagus
Liver
stomach
gallbladder
duodenum
pancreas
large intestine
small intestine
anus
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Function is to carry oxygen, food and
nutrients to all the body parts, carry
wastes away, fight infections and help
heal wounds.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart; capillaries
connect arteries and veins together and allow nutrients
and oxygen to diffuse into cells; veins carry blood back
to the heart to pick up oxygen and nutrients.
• There are four chambers; upper chambers are atriums
(right and left atrium); lower chambers ventricles (right
and left ventricle)
• Three types of circulation:
– Coronary Circulation-flow of blood to and from the heart
– Pulmonary Circulation- flow of blood from heart to lungs back to
the heart
– Systemic Circulation-flow of blood to body tissue and organs
except the heart or lungs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Red blood cells- carry oxygen or carbon
dioxide
Platelets- clot blood
White blood cells-fight
infection
Plasma- carry nutrients
4 types of blood- A, B, AB, O
Diseases of circulatory system:
Anemia- not enough iron; Leukemia- to
many white blood cells made;
hypertension- high blood pressure;
atherosclerosis-fatty deposits build up in
blood vessels; Heart failure
Lymphatic System
•
•
•
Parts of the system: Lymph nodes,
tonsils, thymus, spleen
Function: filters blood, produce white
blood cells (lymphocytes)
that destroys bacteria and viruses, and
destroy worn out blood cells.
Diseases: AIDS ( HIV virus attacks Tcells which are a type of lymphocyte that
helps the body fight infections)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Parts of the system: pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi,
Lungs, alveoli
• Function: takes in oxygen
and enters capillaries; gets
rid of the wastes, carbon
dioxide
• Diseases of this system:
Smoking- chronic bronchitis,
emphysema, lung cancer,
Asthma
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
•
•
•
•
•
Some organs have dual functions
Parts of the system: kidneys, skin, lungs, liver
and large intestine
Functions: to get rid of wastes and toxins that
could damage systems and to regulate the
fluid levels in the body. example: kidneys filter
blood and then send to bladder to be expelled
from the body
Urine can be tested for many diseases
(diabetes, kidney disease or heart failure)
Diseases of this system: Kidney disease where kidneys do not function then person has
to be placed on a Dialysis machine
NERVOUS SYSTEM
•
•
•
Parts of the system: neuron basic unit of
structure; Types of nerve cells are sensory
neuron which receives information and send
impulses to the brain or spinal cord;
interneuron’s relay information to motor
neurons; motor neurons conduct impulses
from the brain to muscles or glands throughout
body.
Central nervous system is Brain and Spinal
cord
Peripheral Nervous system all nerves outside
of brain and spinal cord
• Brain:
• Cerebrum is where thinking takes place; the
largest part of brain
Cerebellum coordinates your muscle
movements for balance ( located at back
lower part of brain)
• Brain stem connects brain to spinal cord
(medulla is part of the stem and controls
involuntary actions such as heartbeat,
breathing, and blood pressure. The medulla
also is involved in coughing, sneezing,
swallowing, and vomiting.)
• Spinal Cord
– Carries impulses from all parts of the body to
the brain and from the brain to all parts of the
body.
• Peripheral Nervous System
– Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest
of the body.
– Made up of twelve pairs of nerves in the brain
called cranial nerves and thirty one pair of
nerves from the spinal cord called spinal
nerves.
•
•
•
•
Drugs and alcohol affect nervous
system:
Drugs act directly on the brain stem
which helps control heart rate, breathing,
appetite and sleeping.
Alcohol disrupts normal cell function and
is considered a depressant. It can impair
memory, thought processes, perception,
judgment and attention. Over time
alcohol can destroy millions of brain cells
that can never be replaced or repaired.
Caffeine is a stimulant and can increase
heart rate, tremors and insomnia.
Endocrine System
• This system uses hormones, chemicals that are
made in tissues called glands found throughout
the body, control and regulate your body.
– Thyroid gland – controls the rate that food is
turned into energy.
– Pituitary gland – controls other glands and
body growth.
– Pineal gland – produces melatonin, a
hormone that functions as a body clock
regulating sleep and wake patterns.
– Parathyroid gland – controls the amount of
calcium in your blood.
– Adrenal gland – effects the kidneys and helps
you when you are excited, angry or frighten.
– Adrenal gland – effects the kidneys and helps
you when you are excited, angry or frighten.
– Thymus – helps the body’s immune system.
– Ovaries – produce female characteristics and
initiates female bodily functions.
– Pancreas – controls the body’s use of
glucose.
– Testes – produces testosterone which
controls the development and maintenance of
male sexual traits.
• Why are my body systems like a
set of dominos?