Transcript respiratory system

CHAPTER 12
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Structure and Function

External respiration, or ventilation, brings
oxygen into the lungs

Internal respiration exchanges oxygen and
carbon dioxide between blood and body cells

Cellular respiration changes acid produced
during metabolism into harmless chemicals in
the cells
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mechanics of Breathing
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Following the Inhalation
Process

Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or
mouth

Air from the nose or mouth is then funneled through
the throat and into the trachea

The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi

Each bronchus enters one of the lungs and then
branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles

The bronchioles have small sacs at their ends called
alveoli

Capillaries in the walls of the alveoli exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide by the process of
diffusion
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Assessment Techniques

Rate


Character


The normal rate of respiration varies with
age, gender, posture, exercise,
temperature, and other factors
Respirations should have a regular rhythm,
occurring at regular intervals
Sounds

Breath sounds can be heard by using a
stethoscope
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Assessment Techniques
(continued)

Lung volume
 The amount of air that can be brought
into the lungs is called respiratory
capacity

Blood gases
 Studies measure how much oxygen
(O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are in
the blood, the blood's pH and other
gases
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Respiratory Capacity
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System

Anthrax


Asthma attack


Caused by spores of the bacterium
May result from exposure to an allergen,
cold temperature, exercise, or emotion
Atelectasis

A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by
a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia,
or injury
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System (continued)

Bronchitis


Carbon monoxide poisoning


An infection of the bronchi
Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A group of chronic respiratory disorders
including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and
pulmonary emphysema
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System (continued)

Cold


Cystic fibrosis


A respiratory infection
A genetic disorder of the exocrine
glands
Emphysema

The alveoli lose elasticity and become
dilated and do not exchange gases well
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System (continued)

Hay fever


A respiratory inflammation caused by
allergens such as plants, dust, and food
Lung cancer

Directly linked to smoking and smoke
products
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System (continued)

Pleural effusion


Pleurisy


A condition in which air or fluid enters the
pleural cavity
An inflammation of the membranes that
line the lungs
Pneumonia

An inflammation of the lungs, in which a
buildup of excessive moisture impairs
breathing
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System (continued)

Respiratory distress syndrome
 A condition that occurs when the alveoli
do not inflate properly

Sinusitis


An inflammation of one or more of the
paranasal sinuses
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A respiratory disorder of newborns
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System (continued)

Tuberculosis


Caused by bacteria that are difficult to
destroy, and it can be transmitted
through the air
Upper respiratory infection

Caused by a virus or bacteria in the
nose, pharynx, or larynx
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.