Transcript Chapter 3
The Planes of the Body • Anterior • Posterior • Midline • Midclavicular line • Midaxillary Directional Terms • • • • • • • • Right and left Superior and inferior Lateral and medial Proximal and distal Superficial and deep Ventral and dorsal Palmer and planter Apices and bilateral Movement Terms Anatomic Positions (1 of 2) • Prone • Supine Anatomic Positions (2 of 2) • Shock position • Trendelenburg’s position • Fowler’s position The Skeletal System • Gives form to the body • Protects vital organs • Consists of 206 bones • Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles • Designed to permit motion of the body The Skull The Neck The Spinal Column The Thorax The Abdomen (1 of 2) • The abdomen is the second major body cavity. • It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. The Abdomen (2 of 2) The Pelvis The Lower Extremity • Hip • Thigh • Knee • Leg • Ankle • Foot The Upper Extremity • Shoulder girdle • Arm • Elbow • Forearm • Wrist • Hand Joints Functions of the Musculoskeletal System • Gives the body shape • Protects internal organs • Provides for movement • Consists of more than 600 muscles Types of Muscle (1 of 2) • Skeletal (voluntary) muscle – Attached to the bones of the body • Smooth (involuntary) muscle – Carries out the automatic muscular functions of the body Types of Muscle (2 of 2) • Cardiac muscle – Involuntary muscle – Has own blood supply and electrical system – Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods The Respiratory System Diaphragm • Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles • Dome-shaped muscle • Divides thorax from abdomen • Contracts during inhalation • Relaxes during exhalation Breathing Process: Inhalation • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. • Pressure in the lungs decreases. • Air travels to the lungs. Breathing Process: Exhalation • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. • As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease. • Pressure in the lungs increases. • Air flows out of the lungs. Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide • Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration. • Oxygen diffuses into the blood. • The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen. Control of Breathing • Brain stem controls breathing. – Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high • Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.” – Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing Normal Breathing Characteristics • • • • Normal rate and depth Regular rhythm Good breath sounds in both lungs Regular rise and fall movements in the chest • Easy, not labored Normal Breathing Rates Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min Children 15 to 30 breaths/min Infants 25 to 50 breaths/min Recognizing Inadequate Breathing • Irregular rhythm • Pale or blue skin • Labored breathing • Cool, clammy skin • Muscle retractions • Faster respiratory rate Infant and Child Anatomy • Structures less rigid • Airway smaller • Tongue proportionally larger • Dependent on diaphragm for breathing The Circulatory System The Heart Blood Flow Through the Heart Electrical Conduction System • SA node • AV node • Purkinje fibers Normal Heart Rates Adults 60 to 100 beats/min Children 70 to 150 beats/min Infants 100 to 160 beats/min Major Arteries and Veins • Aorta • Radial • Pulmonary • Superior vena cava • Carotid • Inferior vena cava • Femoral • Pulmonary • Brachial Components of Blood • Plasma • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Platelets Physiology of the Circulatory System (1 of 2) • Pulse – The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts – Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone Physiology of the Circulatory System (2 of 2) • Blood pressure – Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries – Systole: Left ventricle contracts – Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes • Perfusion – Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue – If inadequate, the patient goes into shock. The Nervous System • The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions. • Somatic nervous system – Regulates voluntary actions • Autonomic nervous system – Controls involuntary body functions Central Nervous System (1 of 2) Central Nervous System (2 of 2) Peripheral Nervous System • Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system. • Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system. • Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body. The Skin (1 of 2) • Protects the body from the environment • Regulates body temperature • Transmits information from environment to the brain The Skin (2 of 2) Endocrine System • Complex message and control system • Made up of seven glands • Glands produce and release hormones. Endocrine Glands • Adrenal • Pituitary • Ovary • Testes • Pancreas • Thyroid • Parathyroid Digestive System • Mouth • Liver • Salivary glands • Bile ducts • Oropharynx • Small intestine • Esophagus • Large intestine • Stomach • Appendix • Pancreas • Rectum Urinary System Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System