Transcript b5 clinic revision

The skeleton…
• Advantages- framework, growth, attach to
muscles, flexibility
• Bones and cartilage are living- can be infected but
can repair themselves
• Ossification…Begins as cartilage and is replaced
with calcium and phosphorous- can help
determine age.
• Can break, shouldn’t move some one with a
fracture
Circulatory system
Circulatory system
• Galen- discovered the importance of the pulse in
medicine
• William Harvey- the heart has 4 chambers and
blood is carried through arteries and veins
• Heart rate is linked to activity
• Heart contraction is linked to pacemaker cells in
the heart
• SAN- cause atria to contract- stimulate AVN
• AVN- cause the ventricles to contract
ECG and Cardiac cycle
Heart issues
• Hole in the heart- happens
in unborn babies
• Results in less oxygen
getting round the blood
• Damages or weak valvesreduce circulation
• Blocked coronary arteryreduce blood flow, need
bypass surgery
• Heamophilia- geneticproblems with blood clots
Treatment
• Artificial valves- Can be replaced with artificial
valves or valves from pigs or cows. As valves
have no capillaries, there is no rejection of
transplanted valves.
• Blood Donation
• Blood Transfusion (can cause agglutination)
• Clotting drugs- warfarin, heparin, aspirin
• Clots are when platelets come into contact with
damaged vessels and leads to a mesh of fibrin
fibres
• Heart assist devices
Blood groups
Respiratory system
• Amphibians- need moist
habitat
• Fish- Gills
Mechanical breathing
• Ventilation is the changing volume and
pressure of the lungs by the rib cage and
diaphragm
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tidal air- usual air flow
Vital capacity air- maximum usuable air
Residual air- air that remains in the lungs
Total lung capacity
Gaseous exchange happens in the alveolithey are permeable, moist, large surface
Under attack
• The respiratory system is a ‘dead end’, in
constant contact with outside world.
• Uses mucus and ciliated cells
• Industrial (asbestosis, imflamation/scarring)
• Cystic Fibrosis (Genetic, excess mucus)
• Lung Cancer (Lifestyle, rapid cell growth)
• Asthma- lining inflamed, fluid, muscles
contract
Digestion
• Increase SA of food, pass easily through you,
small molecule to be absorbed by the plasma or
lymph
• Carbohydrase/amylase (Starch-maltose-glucose)
• Protease
• Lipase
• Stomach acid
• pH in body differs depending on optimum pH of
enzyme present
• Bile improves fat digestion
• Adaptations of small intestine- long, villi, thin walls
Kidneys
• High pressure
• Urea from liver
• Dialysis machine removes urea and
maintains sodium and glucose
• Conc of urine depends on ADH
• ADH increases pereability of kidney
tubules
• Negative feedback
• CO2 must be removed
• Detected by the brain, breathing rate
increases
Fertility
Treatment of infertility
• Artificial insemination, FSH, IVF, egg
donors, surrogacy, ovary transplant
• Foetal development checked for
conditions usin chromosome analysis and
amniocentesis
• Fertility can be controlled by the pill
• Fertility reduced by hormones mimicking
pregnancy- inhibiting FSH
Growth
• Extreme height is usually caused by genes
or hormone imbalance. It is influenced by
diet & exercise
• It is important to monitor baby’s growth
after birth
• Human growth hormone produced in the
pituitary gland and stimulates general
growth
• People are living longer- better diet,
lifestyle, less industrial disease, medicine,
increasing population
Organ Donars
• Shortage, tissue match problem, size and
age, rejection, immuno-suppressent drugs
needed
• Mechanical replacement- bulky, power
supply, reactions to body
• Donors can be living
• Advantages and disadvantages of a
register