Transcript The primary function of the male reproductive system is to form

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
(ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI MANUSIA)
Compiled by
Sheikh Kamaruddin Sheikh Ahmad
Skeleton System
The human skeleton is a strong, flexible
framework of 206 bones that supports the body
and protects internal organs. In addition, the
bones of the skeleton store calcium, a mineral
essential for the activity of nerve and muscle
cells. The soft core of bone, the bone marrow, is
where red blood cells, certain white blood cells,
and blood platelets form.
Bones come in different shapes and sizes, each
adapted to perform specific functions. The
breastbone, for example, is a flat plate of bone
that helps to protect the heart and lungs in the
chest. The fused bones of the skull safely encase
the brain. The short, delicate bones in the wrist
and hand enhance dexterity, providing flexibility
for small, precise motions. The long, heavy femur
bone in the leg acts as a strong lever for powerful
or speedy movement. Cartilage is flexible
connective tissue that provides support to
skeletal bones and allows joints to move without
rubbing against each other.
Muscle System (Front)
.
This illustration shows the body’s
complex network of skeletal muscles.
Skeletal muscles attach to bones of the
skeleton and control all voluntary
movements. A skeletal muscle crosses
a joint between two bones and is
attached to each bone either directly or
by means of a tendon or a fibrous sheet
or band called a fascia. Bones move
when muscles contract, or shorten,
across the joint.
The size of a muscle depends on the
function it performs. Where dexterity is
required, as in the fingers, the muscles
are typically very small. Where strength
is needed, as in the thigh, the muscles
are large
Muscle System (Back)
This illustration shows the body’s
complex network of skeletal muscles.
Skeletal muscles attach to bones of the
skeleton and control all voluntary
movements. A skeletal muscle crosses a
joint between two bones and is attached
to each bone either directly or by means
of a tendon or a fibrous sheet or band
called a fascia. Bones move when
muscles contract, or shorten, across the
joint.
The size of a muscle depends on the
function it performs. Where dexterity is
required, as in the fingers, the muscles
are typically very small. Where strength
is needed, as in the thigh, the muscles
are large.
Circulatory System
The circulatory system uses blood to
deliver oxygen and nutrients to body
tissues and remove waste products from
tissue cells. This illustration shows the
heart and the different types of blood
vessels in the body’s circulatory system.
Red vessels indicate oxygenated blood,
usually carried by the arteries. Blue
vessels show oxygen- poor blood carried
by veins. Tiny vessels called capillaries
connect veins and arteries and permit the
exchange of substances between the
blood and body tissues.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system consists of the
lungs, a pair of elastic organs housed in
the chest cavity, and the air passages
leading to them. The air inhaled into the
lungs provides oxygen to cells
throughout the body. Air forced out of
the lungs removes carbon dioxide from
the body.
Air enters the respiratory system
through the nose or mouth. It then
travels through the larynx (voice box)
and into the trachea (windpipe). At about
the middle of the chest, the trachea
divides into two tubes, the right and left
bronchi. The right bronchus carries air
to the three lobes of the right lung. The
left bronchus supplies air to the two
lobes of the left lung.
Nervous System
The human nervous system
oversees the activity of all
other body systems. The
central nervous system is
composed of the brain and
spinal cord. The peripheral
nervous system is made up
of a network of nerves
connecting the brain and
spinal cord with the rest of
the body. Together, the
central and peripheral
nervous systems control
both voluntary and
involuntary functions in the
body.
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is made of
many glands—groups of cells that
release chemical substances
called hormones into the
bloodstream. Hormones influence
and regulate diverse activities such
as metabolism, growth, mental
development, and emotional
behavior.
Urinary System
The urinary system eliminates waste
products from the body and helps
regulate the body’s water and chemical
balance. The organs of the urinary
system include two oval-shaped
kidneys, each with a long, slender tube,
called the ureter, that connects to the
bladder. Another tubular vessel, the
urethra, extends from the bladder to an
opening out of the body.
Digestive System
The organs of the digestive
system break down food into
simpler substances for
absorption into the
bloodstream. These organs also
remove indigestible matter and
waste products from the body
through excretion.
Immune System
The immune system defends the body from
invading organisms that may cause disease.
One part of the immune system uses
barriers to protect the body from foreign
substances. These barriers include the skin
and the mucous membranes, which line all
body cavities; and protective chemicals,
such as enzymes in saliva and tears that
destroy bacteria.
Another part of the immune system uses
lymphocytes, specialized white blood cells
that respond to specific types of foreign
invaders. B lymphocytes produce proteins
called antibodies, which circulate in the
blood and attack specific disease-causing
organisms. T lymphocytes attack invading
organisms directly.
Reproductive System
(Male)
The primary function of the male
reproductive system is to form
sperm, the male reproductive
cells, and deliver them to the
female. Unlike the reproductive
structures of females, the male
reproductive structures are
located outside of the pelvis.
This external location keeps the
temperature of sperm slightly
below body temperature, which
is necessary for their healthy
development and survival.
Reproductive System
(Female)
The female reproductive system
is more complex than that of the
male reproductive system. In
addition to producing female sex
cells, known as ova (eggs), the
female body also protects and
nurtures a developing baby for
about nine months while it grows
within the woman’s uterus
(womb). A woman’s breasts can
provide nourishment for
newborns.