Transcript Systems of the Body

Getting & Using Food: provides nutrients for an animal to carry out life processes.
Movement: processes internally & externally
Circulation: moving blood, nutrients, oxygen, and wastes throughout the body
Respiration: process of providing oxygen and nutrients to the cells
Growth & Repair: grow by increasing the number and size of cells. Repair – replacing
damaged or longer functioning cells
Secretion: production of liquid substances containing hormones and other materials
Sensation: ability for an animal to respond to its environment
Reproduction: process by which new members of species are created
Reaction of an animal to certain stimuli. Manner in which an
animal reacts to its environment.
Study of how animals behave in their natural habitat.
Most animals behavior can be divided into two categories:
Instinctive behavior: set in an animal at birth and causes animal to
respond automatically to environmental stimulus.
Learned Behavior:
Imprinting: animal will attach itself to or adopt another animal
or object as its companion or parent.
Intelligence: animal’s ability to learn (A pig is highly
intelligent!)
Conditioning: animal learns by associating a
certain response with a certain stimulus (Ex: Pavlov)
Refers to the manner in which animals interact with each
other.
Certain behaviors associated with mating and
reproducing.
Manner in which animals eat and drink.
EXAMPLES:
Bees
Horses
snicker, etc.)
Scout Bees
Colony
Ears & Noises (whinny,
System
Structures
Circulatory
Heart
Digestive
Stomach & intestines
Integumentary
Skin
Endocrine
Ductless glands
Excretory
Kidneys & bladder
Muscular
Muscles
Nervous
nerves
Brain, spinal cord,
Reproductive
Ovaries/testes
Respiratory
Lungs
Skeletal
Lymphatic
from disease)
Bones, joints
Lymphs (protect body
Anatomy: study of form, shape, and appearance of animals
Physiology: study of functions of cells, tissues, organs, and systems
of an organism
Skeleton is divided into two major sections:
axial skeleton: contains skull, vertebrae, ribs, and
sternum
appendicular skeleton: consists of bones of the limbs
Together, bones and muscles provide the ability to move.
Bones serve four basic functions:
- structure
- protection
- mineral reserve
- blood cell production
Joints: form where other tissues join to bones
Flexion: occurs where angle between two bones gets smaller
Extension: occurs as angle between the bones increases
Abduction: when apart is moved away from the body
Adduction: occurs as part is moved closer to body
Kinds of Bones
Short: cube shaped; small carpal and tarsal bones
Flat: two plates of compact bone with a layer of cancellous bone
between (forms much of the skull)
Irregular: complex bone with varying shapes. Ex: vertebrae & facial
bones
Sesamoid: small and embedded in tendons. About size of sesame seed
Long: bone that’s longer than wide. Bones in legs and other structures.
Include: tibia, femur, humerus, metacarpal, and metatarsal bones.
Divided into diaphysis (shank) and epiphysis (enlarged ends). Contain
growth plates (where cartilage is formed in layers that become bone.
Cartilage: rubbery tissue found at ends of long bones and between
vertebrae. Sometimes referred to as gristle.
growth
Blood: transports substances throughout the body and helps
protect the body from infectious diseases
Types of Blood Cells
1.) Red Blood Cells (RBC): carry oxygen
2.) White Blood Cells (WBC): help fight infection
3.) Platelets: aid in the normal clotting of blood
CRT (Capillary Refill Time) can be observed via fingernails!
The Heart
Mammals have a four chambered heart. The pulmonary side is
where blood pumps to lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide. The second path delivers blood into circulation to move
to entire body.
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Arteries
Lungs
CO2 is exchanged for O2
Veins
Heart
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Circulatory System
Typical Heart Beats Per
Minute
Species
Typical Range
Human
58-104
Cat
110-140
Dog
100-130
Horse
230-270
Cow
60-80
Hamster
300-600
Goat
70-135
Sheep
60-120
Respiration: exchange of gases between animal and its environment
Breathing is a two step process:
inspiration – air taken into lungs
expiration – air is forced out
Nostrils
Nasal Cavity
Trachea
Chest
Pharynx
Larynx
Two Bronchi
Lungs
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Brain controls the normal rate of respiration.
Animal
(Breaths/Minute)
Respiration Rate
Human
12
Cat
26
Dog
22
Cow
30
Horse
12
Sheep
19
Guinea Pig
90
Hamster
74