Transcript Body Planes - Cobb Learning

Standard
The learner will be able to define anatomy, gross
anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology.
The learner will be able to explain the relationship
between cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
The learner will be able to define body planes,
directional terms, quadrants, and cavities.
The human body is an efficient, organized
machine.
Disease occurs when the machine does not
function correctly.
Health care workers must understand normal
function of the body before understanding the
disease process.
Vocabulary
anatomy -The study of the form and structure of an
organism.
gross anatomy - The study of the organs, parts, and
structures of a body that are visible to the naked eye.
physiology - The study of the processes of living
organisms, or how and why they work.
pathophysiology - The study of how disease occurs and
response of the body to disease process.
cell -The basic unit of structure and function in all living
things.
organelle - A differentiated structure within a cell that
performs a specific function.
tissue - A group of similar cells acting together to
perform one or more specific functions in the body. There
are four basic types of tissue.
Epithelial Tissue
• Covers the surface of the body and main tissue in
skin.
• Forms lining of intestinal, respiratory and urinary
tract, and other body cavities.
• Forms body glands
Connective Tissue
Soft Connective Tissue
2 types
Adipose/Fatty Tissue
Stores fat as a reserve
source of energy
Insulates/provides
padding
Fibrous Tissue
Ligaments/Tendons
Help keep body structure
together
Connective Tissue
Hard Connective Tissue
Cartilage
Tough elastic material found between bones
Acts as a shock absorber.
Bone
Helps form body structure
Nerve Tissue
• Made of special cells called neurons
• Transmit messages throughout the body
• Make up nerves, brain, and spinal cord
Muscle Tissue
Produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers
Three Main Types
• Skeletal: attaches to bone and provides
movement.
• Cardiac: causes the heart to beat.
• Visceral (smooth): in walls of many organs
such as digestive tract and blood vessels.
organ -Two or more tissues join together for a
specific function.
Examples: heart, stomach, lungs
organ system -Organs and other parts join together for a
particular function.
Examples: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory,
lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary or
excretory, endocrine, and reproductive
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Summary
Cell: Basic unit if structure and function of all living things
Cells combine to form tissues
4 Tissue types: Epithelial. Connective (soft and hard), Nerve,
Muscle (skeletal, cardiac, visceral)
Tissues combine to form organs
Organs combine to form organ systems
(integumentary,skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic,
nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and
reproductive)
Systems work together to create the miracle of the human
body
Body Planes, Directions, and
Cavities
anatomical position - The standard anatomical reference point is
the body position in which the trunk is erect or straight with the arms
and feet slightly apart with palms facing forward and the thumbs
pointing away from the body.
body plane - An imaginary flat surface that divides the
body or a part of the body into two parts; the standard
perspectives for such sections in anatomical imaging are the
sagittal, frontal, and transverse (cross) sections.
sagittal plane
The median (mid-sagittal) plane
passes vertically through the
middle of the body, dividing it
equally into left and right halves.
frontal plane
A flat vertical plane passing
through the body from side
to side, dividing it into
anterior (front) and posterior
(back) halves.
transverse plane
A plane passing horizontally through the
body, dividing it into upper and lower
halves or (superior & inferior).
Orientation and Directional
Terms
Superior means upper
or above.
Inferior means lower
or below.
Cranial means towards
the skull.
Caudal means toward
the “tail.”
Orientation and Directional Terms:
Two other directional terms you need to know are
proximal and distal.
Body parts close to a reference point are said to be
proximal. (Think of the word approximate, near,
close.)
Body parts further from a reference point are said to
be distal. (Think of the word distance, far.)
Shoulder – point of reference
Elbow – proximal (nearer, closer)
Wrist – distal (further)
Example: If our
point of reference is
the shoulder, and
we want to describe
the relationships of
the wrist and elbow,
we can say that the
wrist is distal and
the elbow is
proximal.
Descending Colon
Contralateral – on
the opposite side
Ascending Colon
Ipsilateral – on the
same side
Example: My appendix
is ipsilateral to my
ascending colon, but it
is contralateral to my
descending colon.
APPENDIX
Abdominal Quadrants
Epigastric and Umbilical Regions
Body Cavities:
The body cavities house the organs, which are called visceral
organs, or viscera.
http:www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/media/autopsy/index.html