Transcript circulation
Chapter 14 Circulation and Blood Vessels Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Blood Circulation • Major circulatory systems – Cardiopulmonary circulation – Systemic circulation • Specialized circulatory systems – Coronary circulation – Portal circulation – Fetal circulation © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cardiopulmonary Circulation • Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart. • Review of blood flow through the heart and lungs © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Systemic Circulation • Circulates nutrients, oxygen, water, and secretions • Carries away waste products • Helps equalize body temperature • Aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria • The aorta and its branches © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Coronary Circulation • Brings oxygenated blood to the heart muscle • Right and left branches of the coronary artery • Exchange of oxygen and waste occurs at capillary level • Deoxygenated blood returns through the coronary veins to the coronary sinus Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Portal Circulation • A branch of the general circulation • Veins from the pancreas, stomach, small intestine, colon and spleen empty their blood into the hepatic portal vein which goes to the liver Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Portal Circulation • Liver ensures that the blood’s glucose concentration is kept within a relatively narrow range Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Fetal Circulation • Occurs in the unborn baby (fetus) • Fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood; not through their own lungs and digestive systems • The fetal blood does not mix with the mother’s blood; the exchange of gases, food and waste is passed through the placenta © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Blood Vessels • Arteries • Capillaries • Veins Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Arteries • Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to capillaries (exception – pulmonary arteries) • Layers of the walls – Tunica adventitia or externa – Tunica media – Tunica intima © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Arteries • Aorta leads away from the heart and branches into smaller arteries • Smaller arteries branch into arterioles • Arterioles give rise to the capillaries Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Capillaries • • • • Smallest blood vessels Can only be seen through a microscope Connect the arterioles and venules Muscle and connective tissue disappear and they become a simple endothelial cell layer © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Capillaries • Selective permeability • Control of blood flow by precapillary sphincters Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Veins • Carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries to the heart • Layers of the walls – Tunica externa – Tunica media – Tunica intima • Walls much thinner than arteries – Do not have to withstand as much pressure © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Veins • Veins have valves so blood flows in one direction – Toward the heart • Largest vein is the vena cavae – Superior vena cavae returns blood from upper part of body – Inferior vena cavae returns blood from the lower part of the body Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Venous Return • Valves help keep venous blood moving • Skeletal muscles contract to push venous blood along its path Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Venous Return • Pressure changes occur when we breath which helps bring venous blood back to the heart • Stationary positioning can decrease flow back to the heart for oxygenation Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Blood Pressure • • • • Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure Pulse pressure Normal values = 120/80 © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Pulse • Can feel pulsating beat at certain points on the body • Should be same as heart rate • Can feel pulse on the body where the artery is near the surface of the skin and over a bone – These are called pulse points © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Pulse Points • • • • Brachial artery Common carotid artery Femoral artery Dorsalis pedis artery © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Pulse Points • • • • Popliteal artery Radial artery Temporal artery Pressure points can be used to stop bleeding distal to the pulse point Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Blood Vessels • • • • • Aneurysm Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Gangrene Phlebitis or thrombophlebitis © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Blood Vessels • • • • • Embolism Varicose veins Hemorrhoids Cerebral hemorrhage Peripheral vascular disease © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Blood Vessels • Hypertension – Normal – Less than 120/80 – Pre-hypertension – 120-130/80-89 Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Blood Vessels • Stage I hypertension – 140-159/90-99 • Stage II hypertension – 160 and above/100 and above © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Blood Vessels • White coat hypertension • Hypotension • Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)– warning stroke • Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) – stroke Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hypoperfusion • Inadequate flow of blood carrying oxygen to the organs and body systems • Hypoperfused tissue will stop working properly***** Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hypoperfusion Back in the Game Sports Medicine is a clinic dedicated to the treatment of physical injuries to the body. Caring for an injured body involves more than making the diagnosis; it's about understanding and treating the cause to prevent future injuries. The clinic Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov addresses variety of injuries to the body whether it b © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning