Transcript Ch. 5 notes
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATION • ENERGY-RELEASING PROCESS THAT IS FUELED BY OXYGEN • YOU BREATHE 6 LITERS PER MINUTE • REMOVES THE WASTE PRODUCT CARBON DIOXIDE NOSE AND THROAT • AIR ENTERS THROUGH NOSTRILS – OPENINGS IN THE NOSE • IT FLOWS TO THE NASAL CAVITY – HEATED BY BLOOD VESSELS – MUCUS MOISTENS THE AIR AND TRAPS DUST PARTICLES AND MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS • A FRESH BATCH OF MUCUS IS PRODUCED EVERY 20 MINUTES • CILIA PUSH OLD MUCUS TOWARD THE ESOPHAGUS AND INTO THE STOMACH – HYDROCHLORIC ACID DESTROYS MANY BACTERIA TRAPPED IN THE MUCUS SNEEZE SOME PARTICLES NEVER MAKE IT PAST THE NOSE BECAUSE THEY ARE SNEEZED OUT EPIGLOTTIS SMALL FLAP OF TISSUE THAT CLOSES OVER THE ENTRANCE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WHEN FOOD AND WATER ARE INGESTED EPIGLOTTIS TRACHEA • KNOWN AS THE WINDPIPE • BUMPS ARE RINGS OF CARTILAGE – FLEXIBLE SO YOU CAN BEND YOUR NECK – RIGID TO KEEP THE AIR PASSAGE OPEN – HELD TOGETHER BY SMOOTH MUSCLE THAT ENABLES THE DIAMETER TO BE CHANGED • MUCUS TRAPS PARTICLES AND BACTERIA THAT MANAGE TO GET PAST THE NOSE – SWEPT OUT OF TRACHEA AND UP TO THE MOUTH OR NOSE BY CILIA – IF PARTICLES COLLECT – YOU COUGH LARYNX • VOICE BOX – LOCATED AT TOP OF TRACHEA • MADE OF CARTILAGE THAT JETS OUT OF THE NECK (ADAM’S APPLE) – LARGER IN MALES BECAUSE THEY GENERALLY HAVE LESS FAT MRI OF LARYNX VOCAL CORDS • TWO SMALL FOLDS OF TISSUE THAT STRETCH ACROSS THE LARYNX • MUSCLES TIGHTEN TO NARROW THE SLIT BETWEEN THEM • RUSHING AIR MAKES THEM VIBRATE – HIGH VOICE – TIGHTER CORDSVIBRATE RAPIDLY – LOW VOICE – MORE RELAXED – VIBRATE MORE SLOWLY VOCAL CORDS PITCH IS DETERMINED BY SIZE OF LARYNX AND LENGTH OF VOCAL CORDS TONGUE, LIPS, AND TEETH PLUS THE VIBRATION IN THE NASAL CAVITY GIVE YOUR VOICE A SPECIAL QUALITY LUNGS BRONCHI TWO TUBES THAT BRANCH OFF OF THE TRACHEA INTO EACH LUNG WINDPIPE LARYNX BRONCHI LUNGS • MAIN ORGAN OF RESPIRATION • BRONCHI CONTINUE TO DIVIDE IN THEM ALVEOLI • SACS AT ENDS OF THE BRONCHIAL TUBES • GATEWAYS FOR OXYGEN INTO THE BODY • 600 MILLION IN LUNGS SURROUNDED BY CAPILLARIES • AS AIR ENTERS THE ALVEOLI, OXYGEN SEEPS THROUGH THE THIN WALLS INTO SURROUNDING CAPILLARIES • BLOOD CARRIES IT THROUGHOUT THE BODY • CARBON DIOXIDE IS EXCHANGED IN THE SAME WAY • 2400 KILOMETERS OF AIRWAYS FIT INTO THE CHEST CAVITY – CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN IS EXCHANGED IN A FEW SECONDS BREATHE YOU BREATHE ABOUT 1 LITER OF AIR EVERY 10 SECONDS AT REST DIAPHRAGM • DOME-SHAPED MUSCLE • CONTRACTS TO BREATHE IN – ALLOWS CHEST TO EXPAND – EXPANSION ALLOWS MORE ROOM FOR AIR IN YOUR LUNGS – AIR PRESSURE INSIDE DECREASES ALLOWING AIR TO RUSH IN FROM OUTSIDE • EXHALE – DIAPHRAGM RETURNS TO NORMAL – SPACE DECREASES IN CHEST CAVITY – AIR PRESSURE INCREASES – AIR IS FORCED OUT THE DIAPHRAGM CAN BE CONTROLLED OR WORK AUTOMATICALLY HICCUP • DIAPHRAGM BECOMES IRRITATED – THE VOCAL CORDS SNAP SHUT • INCREASED LEVELS OF CARBON DIOXIDE WILL CAUSE INVOLUNTARY CONTRACTIONS TO STOP – STOPS THE HICCUPS THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM EXCRETION PROCESS IN WHICH WASTE IS REMOVED FROM THE BODY THE KIDNEYS • ACT AS BODY’S FILTER – REMOVES WASTE AND POISONS FROM THE BLOOD • REDDISH BROWN AND SHAPED LIKE KIDNEY BEANS • ONE KIDNEY ON EACH SIDE OF SPINAL COLUMN JUST ABOVE THE WAIST • 1 LITER OF BLOOD IS RECEIVED EACH MINUTE UREA NITROGEN WASTE FILTERED OUT OF THE BLOOD BY THE KIDNEYS PARTS OF THE KIDNEY • NEPHRON • WHERE ACTUAL FILTERING TAKES PLACE • MILLIONS OF CHEMICAL FILTERING FACTORIES CAPSULE CAPSULE • CUP-SHAPED PART OF THE NEPHRON • CARRIES FILTERED MATERIALS TO TINY TWISTING TUBE – MOST NUTRIENTS, SALTS AND WATER ARE REABSORBED – LIQUID REMAINING IS URINE – URINE IS 90% WATER IF THE BODY DID NOT REABSORB MOST OF THE NUTRIENTS, SALTS AND WATER IT WOULD DIE URETER • THE NARROW TUBE THAT CONNECTS THE KIDNEYS TO THE URINARY BLADDER • YOU HAVE TWO URETERS – ONE FROM EACH KIDNEY TO THE BLADDER URINARY BLADDER MUSCULAR SAC THAT STORES URINE BEFORE IT IS RELEASED URINARY BLADDER BLADDER STONE URETHRA CONNECTS URINARY BLADDER TO THE BODY EXIT OTHER EXCRETORY ORGANS LIVER • REMOVES WASTE FROM THE BODY • REMOVES EXCESS AMINO ACIDS – FORMS UREA • CONVERTS HEMOGLOBIN FROM WORN-OUT RED BLOOD CELLS INTO BILE – BILE REMOVES AND DIGESTS MOST BACTERIA THAT ENTER FROM THE LARGE INTESTINE SKIN • 1.5 TO 2 SQUARE METERS – IT IS THE LARGEST ORGAN • 0.5 TO 6 MILLIMETERS IN THICKNESS EPIDERMIS • TOP LAYER • DEAD, FLATTENED CELLS THAT ARE CONSTANTLY SHED • INNERMOST LAYER CONTAINS LIVING, ACTIVE CELLS THAT PRODUCE MORE CELLS • NO NERVES OR BLOOD VESSELS DERMIS • BOTTOM LAYER • CONTAINS NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS • THICKER THAN EPIDERMIS • CONTAINS SMALL FINGERLIKE STRUCTURES – EPIDERMIS ON TOP CREATES RIDGES – RIDGES ARE FINGERPRINTS • SKIN ALSO CONTAINS HAIR, NAILS, SWEAT AND OIL GLANDS – HAIR AND NAILS ARE FORMED FROM SKIN CELLS THAT ARE FILLED WITH A TOUGH, FIBER-LIKE PROTEIN AND THEN DIE SWEAT OR PERSPIRATION WASTE EXCRETED THROUGH THE SKIN SWEAT GLANDS • COILED TUBES CONNECTED TO PORES – HELP BODY GET RID OF EXCESS SALT, UREA AND ABOUT 0.5 LITERS OF WATER EVERY DAY • THIS COMBINATION IS KNOWN AS SWEAT OR PERSPIRATION • SWEAT NOT ONLY RIDS THE BODY OF WASTES, IT HELPS REGULATE THE BODY TEMPERATURE – EVAPORATES FROM THE BODY’S SURFACE • STRENUOUS EXERCISE – 10 LITERS IN 24 HOURS