Transcript Animal Systems

Animal Systems
Animals as an organism
1. Animals are composed of a variety of
interdependent systems
2. No one system can function entirely on
its own
3. In order to keep animals healthy,
producers make sure that all systems
function properly.
Skeletal System
Function - provides frame and support for
all other systems
and
organs
Cartilage -- firm, flexible tissues that is
not as hard as bone
Bones
Function -- attach muscles, means of
movement, protect internal organs,
storage of minerals, blood formation
Layers of Bone
Periosteum -- outer layer; cushions the hard
portion of the bone; repair of broken bones
Compact Bone -- beneath periosteum, layer
of hard mineral matter; gives bones strength
Spongy Bone -- Inside hard outer layer; fills
ends of bones; lines hollow portions
Red marrow -- inside cavities of spongy
bone; formation of blood cells
Yellow marrow -- Located inside hollow
portion; fat storage cells; energy storage
Types of Bone
Long Bones -- longest; provide support
and movement; levers;
example -- legs,arm ,
Short Bones -smaller than long;
joints; comfort and mobility
example -- feet and hands
Types of Bone
Irregular Bones -- have an irregular
shape; support and protect
example -- vertebrae
Flat Bones -- thin and flat; protect organs
example -- skull
Joints
where different bones meet
Ligaments
connect bones together; tough tissue
Movement
none; hinge; ball and socket; gliding;
Muscular System
Function
-- to move the animal about, to
provide movement for the proper functioning of
the organs.

Meat production -- muscles are processed
into meat; 30-40% of the animal’s body is
muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
Movement -- movement for the bones of the
skeleton and other voluntary movement;
composed of long, striated bundles that contract
and relax
Tendons -- connect muscles to bones
Red Muscle -- contain many mitochondria;
lots of
time
blood; contract for long periods of
Skeletal Muscle
White Muscle -- Fewer mitochondria;
contract faster; fatigue faster.
Smooth Muscle
Movement -- Controls movements of the
internal organs; involuntary; non-striated
sheets.
Examples-- Digestive tract, urinary tract
Cardiac Muscle
Movement -- muscles that control the heart;
striated
and arranged in
bands; involuntary; amazing
Stamina -- # of times a heart beats in a
lifetime?
Digestive System
Function-- Supplies energy by converting
ingested food into usable forms
Conversion-- breaking food down into
components that can be absorbed.
Absorption-- bringing nutrients into the
blood and ultimately into the cells
Digestive System
Monogastric System -- Simple stomach
Examples of animals
-- pig, dog, cat, birds,bear, humans
Process
Mouth
Esophagus
Peristalsis -- contractions of muscles that move
food from the mouth to stomach
Stomach -- breaks down food by muscle
contractions and gastric juice
Digestive System
Small intestine
duodenum -- breaks down food using enzymes
jejunum -- absorbs food into bloodstream
ilium -- more absorption takes place here
villi-- fingerlike projections that absorb food
Large Intestine
Cecum -- contains microorganisms in some animals,
useless in others
Colon -- removal of water and minerals, breakdown
by microorganisms
Rectum -- passes waste material through to the anus
Accessory Organs
Liver -- filters blood, stores nutrients, and
produces bile
Pancreas -- produces enzymes (insulin, etc)
that break down food
Gall Bladder -- stores bile for use as
needed.
Digestive System
Modified Monogastric System
 Examples of Animals --horses and rabbits
 Differences from simple monogastric -- enlarged
cecum containing many microorganisms so that
cellulose can be broken down and used.
Ruminate Digestive Track
Ruminant Digestive
System
Examples of Animals -- cattle, sheep, goats, deer,
elk
Differences from Simple monogastric
Rumen -- storage vat; food is soaked, mixed and
fermented ( lots of microorganisms).
Reticulum -- indigestible hard objects are removed,
sorts feed for regurgitation (“cud”)
Omasum -- grind roughage and remove some water
Abomasum -- “true stomach”; break down like nonruminant stomach
Circulatory System
Function -- transports food, nutrients, water,
oxygen and wastes throughout the body; regulates
temperature; removes disease.
Heart -- center of the circulatory system; large
muscle that pumps continuously
Four chambers
Atria -- receives blood into heart; right from
venacava, left from lungs
Ventricles -- pumps blood out into arteries; right to
lungs; left to aorta
Blood Vessels
Arteries -- vessels that take blood from
the heart
Veins -- vessels that return blood to the
heart
Capillaries -- connect arteries and veins;
deliver nutrients to the cells and take
away wastes
Blood -- 1/2 is plasma (clear), 1/2 is cells
Blood Components
Red Blood cells -- give blood color; carry
oxygen
White Blood cells -- destroy disease; pus
Platelets -- fragments of cells; aid in
clotting
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Function
Takes oxygen from the air and places
it in the bloodstream for distribution
to the cells of the animal’s body.
Removes carbon dioxide
Structures
Nostrils -- large amounts of air,
open into nasal cavity
Mouth -- brings in air
Pharynx -- nasal cavity leads
here; common passageway for
food, water, and air; controlled
by epiglottis
Structures
Larynx -- voice box (Adam’s
apple); prevents material from
entering lungs.
Trachea -- large tube; made of
rigid cartilaginous rings; branch
into bronchi
Bronchi -- branch out further
Structures
Alveoli -- surrounded by blood
vessels; carbon dioxide is removed
from blood, and oxygen is absorbed
Diaphragm -- large muscle under the
lungs; when contracted, rib cage
expands and air comes in; when the
diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out
Respiratory System Types
Lungs
Gills
Capillary
Network
Alveolus
Nervous System
Function
The central system that controls all
movements and processes of the
body
Impulse Movement -- sends
information through a system of
nerves
electric impulses
Structures
Motor Neurons - nerves that conduct
impulses from the brain to the body
Sensory Neurons - send impulses
from the body to the brain
Spinal Cord - all nerves are
connected directly or indirectly
Brain- each part has it’s purpose
Lobes of the Brain
Cerebrum - largest part; wrinkled and
folded; controls thought processes and
memory
Cerebellum - coordination center; at the
back of the brain
Medulla oblongata - controls involuntary
activities of the body
 (heart beat, breathing, body temp.,
digestion)
Endocrine System
Function - glands that secrete hormones
(chemical control)
Hormones - chemicals that are sent to
specific areas of the body; have a specific
response
Glands - produce hormones
Pituitary Gland
base of brain
controls other glands
growth and reproduction
Hypothalamus
lower front of brain
controls body temp., hunger, sleep and
digestion
Adrenal glands
on top of kidneys
adrenaline -- fight or flight
Thyroid gland
on front of trachea
thyroxin
controls metabolism
Pancreas
secretes insulin and glucagon
regulates sugar in the body
Testes/Ovaries
produce sex hormones
Excretory System
Function
Remove waste products from the body
Structures
Kidneys - filter blood and remove
water, salts, and ammonia
Bladder - store wastes from the
kidneys before release
Lungs - removes CO2 and H2O
Skin - removes H2O and salts
Animal Reproductive
Systems
Major Organs of the
Reproductive System
Ovaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in
which EGGS are formed and hormones
are produced.
Testes -- MALE reproductive gland that
produces SPERM and TESTOSTERONE.
Sex Cells
Contain HALF the normal number of
chromosomes
Female Reproductive Cell - EGG
(OVULE)
Male Reproductive Cell - SPERM
Semen - the fluid that carries sperm
Reproductive Terms
Zygote -- a cell formed by the union of
EGG and SPERM at fertilization.
EMBRYO -- organism in early stages of
development.
PREGNANCY -- carrying a fetus
Fertilization -- the union of the EGG and
SPERM nuclei
Reproductive Terms
CONCEPTION - occurrence of
fertilization
Ovulation - release of an OVULE from the
female.
Gestation - the time from
FERTILIZATION or conception of a
female until she gives BIRTH
Female Reproductive
Organs Structure
Female Reproductive
Organs Function
Vulva -opening of reproductive tract
Vagina - channel for birth and copulation
Cervix - divides vagina and uterus
Uterus - provides nourishment for fetus
Horns of Uterus - where fetus grows
Fallopian Tube - where fertilization occurs
Ovaries - produces eggs and hormones
Male Reproductive Organs
Structure
Male Reproductive Organs
Function
Testes - produce sperm and testosterone
Epididymis - collects and stores sperm
Vas deferens - transports sperm
Ampulla - temporary storage
Penis - places sperm in female
Urethra - transports urine
Male Reproductive Organs
Function
Cowper's Gland - produces semen
Prostrate Gland - produces semen
Seminal Vesicle - produces semen
Retractor Penis Muscle Scrotum - protects testes, maintains temp
Sheath - opening of reproductive tract
Spermatic cord - supports testes
Reproductive Technologies
Reproductive Technology
Any method of REPRODUCTION that is
different from NATURAL methods
Artificial Insemination
Placing SPERM into the female
reproductive tract by means other than
natural mating.
EMBRYO transfers
The transfer of FERTILIZED egg(s) from
a DONOR female to one or more
RECIPIENT females
Cloning
The production of an exact GENETIC
COPY of an organism