Transcript Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of Life

Goal 4: Unity and
Diversity of Life
4.01 Classification
History
Two Kingdoms – Plants and Animals
Three Kingdoms – Plants, Animals and Protists
Five Kingdoms – Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi
and Monera
Why do the kingdoms keep changing?
Taxons of Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Binomial Nomenclature
Two name system of classification.
Examples:
Homo sapien
Canis familiaris
Felis domesticus
Quercus alba
Basis of Classification:
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Evolutionary phylogeny
DNA/biochemical analysis
Embryology
Morphology
Phylogenetic Trees
Used to show
relationships
between organisms.
Who evolved first.
Which organisms are
either very closely
related or distantly
related.
Phylogenetic Trees con’t
Which phylum is the
most closely related
to the Chordata?
Which phylum
evolved first?
Between Arthropoda,
Annelida and
Mollusca? Who
evolved first?
Biochemical Analysis
Biochemical or DNA
similarities help to
demonstrate
relatedness between
organisms.
(cytochrome C is a
protein found in the
mitochondria)
Embryology
Similarities during
embryological
development can
demonstrate how two
organisms are
related.
Morphology
Similarities in the
structure of these
frog skulls ( 6
different species)
show how closely
they are related.
Cell Types
Prokaryotes
- No nucleus (no
nuclear membrane)
- Ribosomes
- No membrane bound
organelles
- Small & primitive
- Circular DNA (one
chromosome)
Cell Types con’t
Eukaryotic
- Nucleus (nuclear
membrane)
- Membrane bound
organelles, have
ribosomes
- Large & complex
Overview of the Eukaryotic
Kingdoms
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Protista
-
Unicellular and multicellular
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Close association with water
Often referred to as the “dumping
ground”
- Ex: algae, protozoans, fungus-like
protists
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Fungi
- Unicellular (yeast) though most are
multicellular
- Heterotrophic
- Reproduce asexually (spores) and
sexually
- Cell walls made of chitin (polysaccharide)
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae
- Autotrophic (carries out photosynthesis
- True roots, stems, leaves
- Multicellular
- Sessile
- Chloroplasts and cell walls
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Animalia
 Heterotophs
 Able to move at some point in their life
 Multicellular
4.02 Analyze essential life
functions of specific
representatives
Transport: How organisms move food and
wastes throughout their bodies.
Excretion: How organisms get rid of their waste
and balance their fluids.
Regulation: How organisms control body
processes – i.e. hormones and nervous system
Respiration: How organisms exchange gases
(O2 and CO2) with the environment
Con’t
Nutrition: How organisms break down and
absorb foods.
Synthesis: How organisms build
necessary molecules.
Reproduction: Continuation of the species
thru sexual or asexual reproduction.
Growth and Development
Unicellular Protists
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
Transport, Excretion and Respiration:
osmosis, diffusion, active transport
Nutrition: food vacuoles
Reproduction: mostly asexual, binary
fission
Annelid Worms
Annelid Worms
Transport: five “hearts, dorsal and ventral
blood vessel, closed system
Excretion: nephridia, “kidney-like”
structures found on every segment
Regulation: dorsal “brain, ventral nerve
cord
Respiration: breath through their skin
Worms con’t
Nutrition: crop (storage), gizzard (grinds),
intestine (chemical digestion)
Reproduction: worms are hermaphroditic,
exchange sperm and lay eggs
Development: from eggs
Insects
Insects
Transport: open circulatory system
Excretion: Malpighian tubules
Regulation: hormones, nervous system,
pheromones
Respiration: tubes called tracheae
Nutrition: insects have a wide variety of
mouth parts to eat a variety of foods
Insects con’t
Reproduction/Development:
metamorphosis
Incomplete: egg  young  adult
Complete: egg  larva  pupa  adult
Amphibians
Amphibians
Transport: closed circulatory system
Excretion: kidneys/urinary bladder
Regulation: hormones (control
metamorphosis), nervous system
Respiration: gills, lungs, skin
Nutrition: larva (herbivores), adults
(carnivores)
Amphibians con’t
Reproduction: sexual, external fertilization
and development
Development: metamorphosis
Egg  larva 
adult
Mammalia
Mammalia
Transport: closed circulatory system
Excretion: kidneys
Regulation: hormones, well developed
nervous system (developed senses)
Respiration: lungs
Nutrition: digestive tracts vary according to
what the animal eats
Mammalia con’t
Reproduction: sexual with internal
fertilization
Development:
External  duck billed platypus and spiny
anteater lay eggs
Internal Marsupials – partial placental
Most mammals have a well developed
placenta (uterus)
Internal Development
Non vascular plants
Non Vascular Plants
Mosses and liverworts
Transport: no xylem and phloem, must use
osmosis and diffusion
Respiration: gas exchange through
diffusion
Synthesis: carry out photosynthesis and
make sugars and other macromolecules
Non Vascular Plants
Reproduction: fertilization requires water
for sperm to swim to egg
Development: moss cycle between a
sexual phase with egg and sperm and an
asexual phase that makes spores
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms
Means “naked seed”, includes the conifers
Transport: xylem and phloem
Respiration: CO2, H2O and O2 move in and
out of leaf through stomata
Synthesis: photosynthesis
Reproduction: sperm is now inside a pollen
grain
Gymnosperms
Pollination – sperm moves from male
cones to female cones via wind
Fertilization – sperm and egg unite on the
female cone and produce seeds
Angiosperms
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Transport: xylem and phloem
Regulation: plant hormones like auxin,
cause stems to bend
Respiration: stomata
Synthesis: photosynthesis
Reproduction: pollination and fertilization
Angiosperms
Pollination occurs through wind and
pollinators like bees, hummingbirds and
bats
Seeds develop in an ovary that aids seed
dispersal.
Ovary can become a fruit or some other
structure that aids dispersal
Stomata
4.03 Adaptations affecting
survival and reproductive
success
Form
And
Function
Feeding Adaptations
Mosquitoes mouth is
adapted to suck
blood
Snakes jaws unhinge
to take in whole prey
Reproductive Adaptations
Male birds using
elaborate mating
displays or rituals to
attract females.
Reproductive Adaptations
Male frogs have thumb
pads to hold onto
female when mating.
Ensures egg and
sperm will meet.
Adaptations to Life on Land
Plants
1. Vascular Tissue – xylem and phloem –
transport materials and support
2. Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent
dehydration
3. Pollen – allows fertilization without
water
Adaptations to Life on Land
Animals
1. Gills become lungs
2. Moist skin becomes thick with scales or
other coverings – prevent dehydration
3. Internal fertilization –
4. Amniote egg
5. Legs move under the animal to allow
easier movement
Pathogens
Disease causing
organisms
Virus
Protein coat (capsid)
surrounds core of
nucleic acid (DNA or
RNA)
Needs a host cell to
reproduce (invades)
Specific for a particular
host
Able to mutate
HIV, Flu, smallpox
Bacteria
Prokaryote
Able to mutate
(resistance to
antibiotics)
Streptococcus
Salmonella
Botulism
MRSA (staph)
Co-evolution
When two species
evolve together
Mantis mimics orchid
Co-evolution
Fly orchid looks and
smells similar to
female wasp. Male
“mates” with it and
transfers pollen from
one flower to the
next.
4.04 Health and Disease
Role of genetics and the environment
1. Sickle cell anemia and malaria
2. Lung/mouth cancer and tobacco use
3. Skin cancer sun exposure
4. Sun exposure and vitamin D and folic acid
5. Diabetes (environment and genetics)
6. PKU and diet
Immune System
Antigens – foreign
protein (bacteria,
virus, fungus,
transplanted organ)
Antibodies – proteins
your body makes to
defend itself against
antigens
Cells of the Immune
System
B cells
T cells
- Make antibodies
- Help B cells make
antibodies
- Kill infected cells
Types of Immunity
Active
Passive
Your body makes the
antibodies
Ex: having the disease,
getting a vaccination
You get the antibodies
from another source
Ex: from mother thru
the placenta or
mothers milk, from a
shot (rabies shot)
Vaccine
Given a shot of dead or
weakened pathogens
Your body makes
antibodies in
response to the
antigens
You are left with
memory cells
Nutrition
What makes up a healthy diet?
What is poor nutrition?
obesity
malnutrition
iron or calcium deficiency
vitamin deficiency
Parasites - Plasmodium
Plasmodium destroying red blood
cells
Malaria caused by the
protist, Plasmodium.
Vector: Mosquito
Symptoms: fever, chills,
headache, nausea
Treatments:
1. Prevention
2. Antimalarial drugs
3. No vaccine
Toxins - environmental
Lead  Heavy metal, builds up over time
 Exposure more serious in children
 Symptoms: reduced IQ, slowed body growth,
hearing problems, behavior or attention
problems, failure at school, kidney damage
 Sources: paint, plumbing, toys, dinnerware
Toxins - Environmental
Mercury –
 Heavy metal, builds up over time
 Sources: glass thermometers, electrical
switches, fluorescent light bulbs, fish
 Symptoms: numbness or pain in certain parts
of your skin, uncontrollable shake or tremor,
inability to walk well, blindness and double
vision, memory problems, seizures and death
(with large exposures)
 Very dangerous for fetuses dev. brain