Transcript Slide 1

The Human Body and Its Systems
In this presentation you will:
 explore the systems of the human body
In this presentation, you will see
how the cells of the human body
are organized to enable it to
function.
You will explore some of the
systems the human body uses in
order to work effectively and
efficiently.
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Levels of Organization
The human body is made up of many cells. It is
multicellular. Within multicellular organisms,
different levels of organization can be seen:
Lowest level of organization
• Cells – the most basic unit of living things.
• Tissues – made up of groups of cells that
carry out the same function.
• Organs – groups of tissues that work together
to do a specific job.
• Organ systems – groups of organs that work
together to do a specific job.
• Organism – a living structure made up
of organ systems that can live, grow
and reproduce.
Highest level
of organization
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Question 1
What is the lowest level of organization found in the human body?
A) An organism
B) Organ systems
C) Organs
D) Cells
Organ Systems
The human body is very complex. In
order to function properly, it uses
various systems.
These systems are groups of organs
that work together to carry out an
important function within the body.
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The Circulatory System
The human circulatory system consists
of the heart, arteries, veins and
capillaries. The heart beats to pump
blood through the arteries and veins
around the body.
The circulation of blood around the
body supplies our cells with the
nutrients they need and removes the
waste products that they produce.
Arteries carry blood away from the
heart while veins carry blood to
the heart. Arteries and veins are
connected by capillaries.
Heart
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
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The Respiratory System
The respiratory system includes the nose, mouth, trachea, lungs and the
diaphragm. Ventilation (breathing in and out) provides the body with the oxygen it
needs and removes waste carbon dioxide.
During inspiration (breathing in) air
enters the nose or mouth, and goes
down the trachea.
The diaphragm flattens and the
space that the lungs are in increases.
The lungs also increase and fill with
air.
The trachea leads to two smaller tubes
called bronchi. One bronchi (a
bronchus) leads into each lung. These
divide into smaller and smaller tubes
called bronchioles.
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
Bronchiole
Rib
Alveoli
Diaphragm
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The Respiratory System
The bronchioles end in tiny sac-like structures called alveoli.
Alveoli are surrounded
by capillaries.
Oxygen passes through the walls
of the alveoli and into the blood
in these capillaries. Carbon
dioxide passes through the walls
of the capillaries, into the alveoli.
Alveoli
Capillaries
The carbon dioxide is removed from
the body during expiration
(breathing out).
This movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide is called gas exchange.
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Question 2
In the human respiratory system, where does the process of gas exchange take
place?
A) Mouth
B) Trachea
C) Alveoli
D) Nose
The Digestive System
Humans have to digest (break down)
food in order to release the energy
and nutrients stored in it.
Digestion occurs in the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract or
alimentary canal.
Mouth
Esophagus
The GI tract begins in the mouth and
ends at the anus.
Stomach
In the mouth, food is broken into
smaller pieces by chewing.
Once swallowed, food travels down
the esophagus, into the stomach.
Anus
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The Digestive System
In the stomach, acids break the food
down further.
Food then passes into the small
intestine. Here, chemicals break
the food down into small molecules
that can enter the bloodstream.
Material that is not needed by the
body, or that cannot be digested,
passes to the large intestine. Much
of the fluid from the digestive
juices is reabsorbed into the blood.
Remaining solid waste is stored in
the rectum until it leaves the body
via the anus.
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
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Question 3
What is the correct path taken by food in the human digestive system?
A) Small intestine, mouth, large intestine, stomach
B) Mouth, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
C) Mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
D) Small intestine, stomach, large intestine, mouth
The Urinary System
The urinary system is made up of the
kidneys, ureters, bladder and
urethra. Its function is to remove
liquid waste from the body.
Kidney
The kidneys filter waste materials
from the blood. These waste
materials combine with excess water
to produce urine.
Urine travels to the bladder down
two tubes called ureters. The urine
collects in the bladder and once the
bladder is full, the muscle at the base
of the bladder, the sphincter, relaxes
and it leaves the body via the
urethra.
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
Sphincter
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The Nervous System
The nervous system controls the body’s actions. It
consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Brain
There are two main parts to the nervous system:
• The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the
brain and spinal cord. Information from the body is
carried to the brain via the spinal cord.
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of
nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and brain,
out to the rest of the body. Information is carried
between the CNS, muscles and glands. Glands are
groups of cells that produce substances that the body
uses. For example glands produce the saliva in our
mouths.
Spinal
cord
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The Muscular System
The muscular system is made up of
groups of stretchy tissue.
The bicep contracts, pulls
the front of the arm, and
the arm lifts
Some muscles move joints. They are
attached to the skeleton by tendons
and always work in pairs.
This is because a muscle can only
either contract (get tighter and
shorter) or be in a relaxed state.
One muscle contracts and moves the
joint. Then the muscle relaxes and
the second muscle contracts and
moves the joint in a different
direction.
The tricep contracts,
pulls the back of the
arm, and the arm
lowers
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The Muscular System
We are able to move muscles such as
those in our arms, legs, fingers and
toes as and when we choose.
These are called voluntary muscles
because they can be consciously
controlled.
Other muscles, such as the heart
muscle, eye and muscles of the
intestines cannot be consciously
controlled. They are involuntary
muscles.
Both the voluntary and involuntary
movement of muscles are controlled
by signals to and from the nervous
system.
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Question 4
"The Muscular system and the Nervous system are both needed to make it
possible to move a joint." Is this statement true or false?
Answer True or False.
The Reproductive System
The purpose of the reproductive
system is to produce offspring. For
reproduction to occur, a male
gamete (sperm) and a female gamete
(egg) must meet and fuse together.
Sperm
Sperm is made inside males’ testes.
It cannot survive the warmth of the
body so is kept in a sac outside the
body called the scrotum.
Vas
deferens
Penis
Epididymis
Sperm mixes with other fluids to
become semen, which can leave the
body via the penis.
Testis
Scrotum
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The Reproductive System
The female human has two ovaries
that produce eggs (ova). Once a
month an egg is released into a
fallopian tube (oviduct).
The fallopian tube leads to a hollow
pear-shaped organ called the uterus.
If sexual intercourse occurs, the egg
and the sperm may meet in a
fallopian tube and the egg can
become fertilized. The fertilized egg
travels to the uterus where it can
develop into a baby.
Fallopian
tube
Ovary
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
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The Immune System
The immune system is how the
human body protects itself against
harmful invading foreign bodies
such as some bacteria and viruses.
If the body detects an invader, it
releases large proteins called
antibodies.
Antibodies are made by white blood
cells which are made in the organs of
the immune system shown here.
Tonsils
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Lymphatic
glands
Appendix
Spleen
Bone
marrow
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The Immune System
Each antibody is specific to a
certain foreign body, so every time
a new type is encountered, we
have to make a new type of
antibody.
Antibodies bind with the bacteria or
virus to block their effects. By
joining together they form a clump
which is easier for the body to
destroy.
Sometimes the body is not able to
make the antibody in time and
people get sick.
Bacteria attacks
White blood cells
produce
antibodies
Antibodies
Antibodies bond with bacteria, to
create large lumps
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Summary
After completing this presentation you should be able to:
 show knowledge and understanding of the levels of
organization within the human body
 show knowledge and understanding of different human
body systems
 show knowledge and understanding of the structure and
function of different human body systems
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explore the major organs of the
human body
In this presentation you will
learn about the main organs
that are part of the human
body.
You will explore the location
of the organs and their
functions.
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The Human Body
In order to function
properly the human
body has a number of
different organs.
Each organ has a
specific function that is
important to the
human body as a
whole.
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The Brain
Cerebrum
The brain controls many body
activities and has three main
parts:
The cerebrum controls
intelligent activities such as
remembering, using
language and thinking.
The cerebellum controls
body posture and coordination.
Brainstem
Cerebellum
The brainstem controls activities such as
breathing, circulation and digestion.
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Question 1
Which part of the brain controls coordination?
A) Cerebrum
B) Cerebellum
C) Brain stem
D) All of these
The Heart
Aorta
The heart pumps blood around the
body. This is because it is the blood's
job to supply the cells of the body
with the oxygen they need, and to
remove the waste products they
produce.
Left
atrium
Bicuspid
valve
The left side of the heart pumps
oxygenated blood from the lungs
to the body.
The right side of the heart pumps
deoxygenated blood from the body
to the lungs.
Right
atrium
Aortic
valve
Tricuspid
valve
Pulmonary
valve
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Question 3
This picture shows a simple outline of a human body. Where is
the heart located?
C
A) Label A
B) Label B
B
D
C) Label C
D) Label D
A
The Lungs
The lungs are responsible for supplying your blood with the oxygen
that you breathe in. They also remove the carbon dioxide from your
blood; this is what you breathe out.
Trachea
Right main
stem bronchus
Bronchi
Right
lobes
Bronchioles
Alveoli (on end
of bronchioles)
Pleural
membrane
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Question 4
Which of the following do lungs remove from the blood?
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Food
C) Oxygen
D) Water
Question 5
This picture shows a simple outline of a human body. Where are the lungs
located?
D
A) Label A
C
B) Label B
B
C) Label C
A
D) Label D
The Stomach
The stomach is used in food digestion. The stomach
produces chemicals that break down the food into
small molecules.
Esophagus
Stomach
Pyloric
sphincter
Muscle
layers
Duodenum
Mucous
membrane
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The Pancreas
The pancreas is important in food digestion. The
pancreas produces chemicals that break up
protein molecules within food.
Pancreas
Pancreatic
duct
Duodenum
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The Liver
The liver is important in food
digestion. The liver produces
chemicals that break up fat
molecules within food.
Hepatic vein
Hepatic artery
Gall bladder
Common bile duct
Portal vein
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The Small Intestine
The small intestine is used in food
digestion. It is in the small intestine
where the chemicals that are
produced from the pancreas and
the liver set to work breaking down
the food.
The small intestine is long and
the nutrients from the small,
broken-down food molecules
pass through the walls and into
the blood. Once in the blood
they are transported around the
body to where they are needed.
Small
intestine
Appendix
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
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The Large Intestine
The large intestine is used in food
digestion. The large intestine absorbs
a lot of the water that gets mixed in
with the food during the digestion
process.
Small
intestine
Appendix
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
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The Kidneys
The kidneys clean our blood. Our
cells produce waste products,
some of which are poisonous to
our bodies.
Vena
cava
Aorta
The kidneys filter our blood and
remove the waste products. The
waste gets turned into urine.
Kidney
Urine is stored in the bladder
where it can be released when
needed.
Adrenal
gland
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
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Question 6
This picture shows a simple outline of a human body. Where are
the kidneys located?
A) Label A
B
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
C
D
A
The Sense Organs
Our sense organs alert us to changes
within our environment.
We have five sense organs:
• Eyes: for seeing
• Ears: for hearing
• Nose: for smelling
• Tongue: for tasting
• Skin: for touching
Our sense organs contain nerves that
send messages to our brains about
what is happening in the world
around us.
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Question 2
Which of the following organ types does the eye belong to?
A) Digestive organs
B) Circulation organs
C) Sense organs
D) Respiration organs
Summary
After completing this presentation you should be able to:
 show knowledge and understanding of the location of the
main organs in the human body
 show knowledge and understanding of the function of the
main organs in the human body
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