Transcript 9 - Coach Eikrem's Website

9
The Respiratory
System
Lesson 9.1: Functions and Anatomy of
the Respiratory System
Lesson 9.2: Respiration: Mechanics
and Control
Lesson 9.3: Respiratory Disorders and
Diseases
Chapter 9: The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.1
Functions and Anatomy of
the Respiratory System
Function of the Respiratory System
• Gas exchange
– provides a constant supply of oxygen
– eliminates carbon dioxide
• Cardiopulmonary system
– respiratory system and cardiovascular system work
collaboratively to conduct gas exchange
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Function of the Upper Respiratory
System
•
•
•
•
•
•
Filter and remove foreign particles from inhaled air
Humidify and control the temp. of the inhaled air
Produce sound (voice)
Provide and sense of smell (olfactory sense)
Aid in immune defense
Conduct air to the lower respiratory tract
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Anatomy of the Respiratory System
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Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• the nose
– nares – 2 openings where air enters
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Nasal Cavity
• nasal septum
– divides the nasal cavity into left and right chambers
• vestibular region
– front of the nasal cavity
– contain nasal hairs which trap and prevent particles
from entering the nose
• olfactory region
– contains olfactory receptors – provide sense of smell
• respiratory cavity
– lined with a mucosal membrane
– warms the air that we breathe
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Nasal Cavity
• conchae
– 3 uneven scroll-like nasal bones
– superior, middle, and inferior conchae
– create 3 passageways so more particles can be trapped
in the mucous membranes
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Nasal Cavity
• palate
– separates the nasal cavity from the mouth
– hard palate
• anterior portion supported by bone
– soft palate
• posterior portion composed of soft muscle and tissue
– cleft palate
• parts of the palate do not completely fuse together during
fetal development
• uvula
– small mass of connective tissue hanging from the soft palate
– prevents food from entering the nasal cavity
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Cleft Palate
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Sinuses
• air-filled cavities that surround the nose
• lined with mucous membranes
• 4 sinuses – frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal,
maxillary
• sinus infection – causes the sinuses to become
swollen and filled with fluid and germs
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Sinusitis
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Pharynx
• muscular passageway that transports air, food, and liquids
from the nasal and oral cavities to the trachea and
esophagus
• part of both the digestive and
respiratory system
• composed of nasopharynx,
oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
• nasopharynx transports air
• oropharynx and laryngopharynx
transport air, food, and liquid
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Pharynx
• tonsils
– pharyngeal tonsil – located in the upper part of the
nasopharynx
– palatine and lingual tonsils – located in the upper portion
of oropharynx
– bacteria and other pathogens become trapped in the
tonsils – line of defense
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Larynx
•
•
•
•
•
voice box
located inferior to the pharynx
transports air and food to the proper passageways
composed of 8 cartilaginous plates
largest cartilaginous plate, thyroid cartilage, is the Adam’s
apple
• epiglottis
– flap of cartilaginous tissue
– as food or liquid is swallowed, the epiglottis covers the pharynx
preventing the food and liquid from entering the trachea
• vocal cords – a pair of folds that vibrate to produce sound
• glottis – space between the vocal cords
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Larynx
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Trachea
• windpipe
• extends from the end of the larynx to the 5th
thoracic vertebra
• walls are lined with a mucous membrane
containing ciliated epithelium
• c-shaped rings
– anterior side contains rigid cartilage that provides
support
– posterior side doesn’t contain cartilage and provides
flexibility
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The Upper Respiratory Tract
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Bronchi
• primary bronchi
– extends from the bottom of the trachea to the left and
right lungs
– wider and shorter bronchus on the right also hangs
more vertically
• secondary and tertiary bronchi
– branch out from the primary bronchi
• bronchioles
– branch out from the tertiary bronchi
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Alveoli
•
•
•
•
•
grape-like clusters at the ends of bronchioles
air-filled sacs
main site of gas exchange in the lungs
walls are composed of thin squamous epithelial cells
surfactant – phospholipid that coats the walls
– reduces surface tension in the alveoli and prevents them from
collapsing
• macrophages – bacteria ingesting cells inside alveoli
• pores of Kohn – small opening in the alveolar wall that
allow gases and macrophages to pass
Lungs
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Alveolar Capillary Membrane
• made up of alveoli and surrounding capillaries
• allows oxygen to diffuse from the alveoli to the
capillaries
• allows carbon dioxide to be transported from the
blood into the alveolar sac
• gas exchange occurs rapidly because:
– large surface area of lungs
– alveolar capillary membrane is very thin
– gas exchange occurs by diffusion
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Lungs
• mediastinum
– central area of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
• apex
– upper part of lung
• base
– lower part of lung that rests on the diaphragm
• right lung has 3 lobes – superior, middle, and
inferior lobes
• left lung has 2 lobes – superior and inferior lobes
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Lungs
• pleural sac
– composed of 2 slippery serous membranes
• parietal pleura – lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm
• visceral pleura – covers lungs
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: surfactant, apex,
epiglottis, conchae.
1. lungs
2. larynx
3. nasal cavity
4. alveoli
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Chapter 9: The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.2
Respiration: Mechanics
and Control
Respiration
• also known as breathing
• air always moves from a higher pressure area to a
lower pressure area
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Respiration
• four key tasks involved in respiration
– pulmonary ventilation
• air is moved continuously into and out of the lungs
– external respiration
• oxygen from outside the body fills the lungs and alveoli
• allows gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary blood
– respiratory gas transport
• oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood to
and from different body tissues
– internal respiration
• gas exchange occurs between the tissues and capillaries
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Respiration
• Boyle’s law
– as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure of the
gas decreases
– at rest, both atmospheric (outside of body) and
intrapulmonary (inside lung) are 760 mmHg
– for air to be pulled into the lungs, intrapulmonary
pressure must be less than the atmospheric pressure
– when air is expelled from the lungs, intrapulmonary
pressure must be greater than the atmospheric pressure
Boyle's Law
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Respiration
• inspiration (inhalation)
– diaphragm contracts and flattens
– intercostal muscles contract
– thoracic cavity expands creating a vacuum and pulling
air into the lungs
– pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmospheric
pressure
• expiration (exhalation)
– diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
– thoracic cavity shrinks pushing air out of the lungs
– pressure inside the lungs is greater than the
atmospheric pressure
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Respiration
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Nonrespiratory Air Maneuvers
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Control of Breathing
• average respiration rate for adults at rest = 12-15
breaths per minute
Factors affecting the respiration rate:
• gender – females have smaller lung capacities and
therefore, greater respiratory rates
• infants have greater smaller lung capacities and greater
respiratory rates (40-60 breaths per minute)
• postural position – standing almost doubles respiratory
rate compared to a reclined position
• exercise
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Control of Breathing
• neural factors
– medulla oblongata
• sets the normal breathing pace
– pons
• fine-tunes respiratory rate and depth
– as the lungs fill with air, stretch receptors in the bronchioles
and the alveoli trigger the Hering-Breuer reflex to prevent
over inflation of the alveolar sacs
• coordinates transition between inspiration and expiration
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Control of Breathing
• chemical factors
– central chemoreceptors
• located in the respiratory centers in the brain
• respond to a decrease in cerebrospinal fluid pH – indicates a high
amount of CO2 in the body
• increases the rate and depth to increase O2 and decrease CO2
– peripheral chemoreceptors
• located in the aorta and carotid arteries
• stimulate respirations in response to changes in oxygen blood levels
– mechanoreceptors
• located in muscles and joints
• detect muscle contraction and force generation during exercise –
increase ventilation
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Control of Breathing
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Lung Volume
• static
– measures air volume in lungs
– measured by using a spirometer
– may detect lung disorder or deficiency
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Lung Volume
• dynamic
– measures air volume in lungs based on time
– measured using a flow volume meter
– often assesses the ability of the lungs to forcibly expire
air in one second
– can detect asthma or obstructive lung disease
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. The pons and medulla control breathing.
2. Static lung volume involves time.
3. Muscles contract in inspiration.
4. Larger gas volume, higher pressure.
5. Gas moves from low to high pressure.
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Chapter 9: The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.3
Respiratory Disorders
and Diseases
Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses
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Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses
• avoiding URIs
– cover when sneezing
and coughing
– wash hands
– don’t touch hands to
eyes, nose, mouth
• Influenza
– viral infection
– vaccine
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Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses
• acute bronchitis
– inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the
trachea and bronchial passageways
– results from an ongoing viral infection such as influenza
or the common cold
• pneumonia
– usually a viral or bacterial infection of the lungs
– immune response to the virus or bacterium damages
and sometimes kills the cells of the lungs
– fluid builds up in the lungs, making gas exchange
difficult
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Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses
• tuberculosis
– highly contagious infection
– most commonly attacks the lungs but can spread to
other organs
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
• causes
– smoking
– characterized by long term airway obstruction
• living with COPD
– STOP SMOKING!!!
– purse-lipped breathing
• helps maximize breathing and ease shortness of breath
• patients inhale through their nose and slowly release the
air through pursed or puckered lips
– no cure
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
• emphysema
– chronic inflammation of the lungs that damages the
alveolar ducts and sacs
– damage to capillary bed
– decreased lung surface area
– poor gas exchange leads to hyperventilation
– pink puffers
• exertion from breathing causes patients to develop a pink
appearance to the face
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Diseases
• chronic bronchitis
– inflammation of the bronchi and mucous production
obstruct airways
– risk of bacterial infection
– mucous production causes a decrease in respiratory
rate with an increase in cardiac output
• blue bloaters
– face and lips turn blue due to hypoxia (lowered arterial
blood oxygen content)
– bloated appearance
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Asthma
• asthma attack
– inflamed and narrowed
airways
– cause bronchospasms
– caused by allergens or
irritants
– treatment relaxes
muscles to expand
airways
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Lung Cancer
• more deaths from lung cancer than other cancers
• non-small cell lung cancer
– more common lung cancer
– common in smokers
– spreads slowly
• small cell lung cancer
– less common lung cancer
– spreads quickly
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: small cell, bronchospasms,
decreased lung surface area, or infection.
1. An asthma attack includes _______________.
2. A symptom of emphysema is _______________.
3. The more common lung cancer is
_______________.
4. Tuberculosis is caused by _______________.
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