Transcript Human Organ Systems

Chapters 13-16
Levels of Organization in Humans
Human Organ Systems

Skeletal System
Nervous

Muscular System
Reproductive

Circulatory System

System
System
Endocrine System
Integumentary


Respiratory System
Digestive System
Excretory
System
System
Lymphatic/Immune
System
Skeletal System

Structures: Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments,
tendons

Functions: Supports the body, protects
internal organs, allows movement,
stores mineral reserves, provides a site
for blood cell formation
The skeleton makes up the general framework
of the body. It is composed of 206 named
bones of various shapes and sizes. Strong
bands of connective tissue called ligaments hold
the bones together. Between many of the bones
there are pads of firm, smooth, slightly elastic
connective tissue called cartilage. The cartilage
works to cushion the ends of the bones where
they bump together at a joint.
Bones are alive and continue to grow
until about age 25. They are hard due to the
high concentration of certain minerals such as
calcium and phosphorus. All of the minerals,
which the body needs for bone growth or repair,
are found in food.
bcms.leesummit.k12.mo.us/sreece/bonyben.htm
homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/Default.htm
Human Joints


The joint is the place where two bones meet.
There are two types of joints:
 immovable joints and movable joints.
Immovable joints do not permit any movement of the
bones.
 The suture joints of the skull and the fused bones of the
sacrum and coccyx are examples of this type of joint.
 Movable joints allow the body to move depending on
the type of joint will determine how the joint will move.

Movable Joints

Hinge joints
 found in knee and elbow
 permit back and forth motion in only one direction.

ball-and-socket joints
 The hip and shoulder joints
 They permit nearly a full range of motion.

pivot joint
 The joint at the base of the skull
 It allows movement of the head in a circular motion.

gliding joints
 The joints of the wrist and ankle.
 The many small bones found in the wrist and ankle move
slightly over one another permitting movement to occur.
ASIMO = Advanced Steps In Mobility
http://asimo.honda.com/default.aspx
Muscular System

Structures: Skeletal Muscle, smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle

Function: Works with skeletal system to
produce voluntary movement, helps to
circulate blood and move food through
the digestive system
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/08muscularsystem.html
homepage.smc.edu/.../anatomy1/1muscles.html
Circulatory System

Structures: heart, blood vessels, blood

Function: Brings oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to cells, fights infections,
removes cell wastes, helps to regulate
body temperature
Blood Flow through the Heart
1. Oxygen-poor blood (shown in blue)
flows from the body into the right
atrium.
2. Blood flows through the right atrium
into the right ventricle.
3. The right ventricle pumps the blood to
the lungs, where the blood releases
waste gases and picks up oxygen.
4. The newly oxygen-rich blood (shown
in red) returns to the heart and enters
the left atrium.
5. Blood flows through the left atrium into
the left ventricle.
6. The left ventricle pumps the oxygenrich blood to all parts of the body.
www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/eheart/human.html
Respiratory System

Structures: Nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
lungs

Function: Provides oxygen
needed for cellular respiration and
removes excess carbon dioxide
from the body
One of the main jobs of the cardiovascular
system is to deliver oxygen (O2) to the
body.
 As our bodies work, it uses up oxygen,
replacing it with carbon dioxide (CO2).


The exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide occurs in our lungs. The blood
that reaches our lungs has a lot more
CO2 than O2. But the air in our lungs
normally has a lot more O2 than CO2.
Because of this large difference, blood
naturally drops of CO2 in our lungs, and
picks up O2.
How does this happen?
 It happens because the pressure of O2
in our capillaries as it travels through our
lungs is lower than the pressure of O2 in
our lungs.
 Since high pressure gases want to
travel into areas of low pressure, O2
naturally moves from our lungs into our
blood.

The reverse is true for CO2.
 The pressure of CO2 in our capillaries is
higher than the pressure of CO2 in our
lungs, so CO2 naturally travels from our
blood and into our lungs.

This gas exchange occurs in sacs called
alveoli.
 The lung is made of two large sacks, which
is divided and folded into much smaller
pouches and sacs.
 Each sac is connected to a tube called
bronchi.
 The bronchi are connected to our mouth
through another tube called the trachea.

As we breath, air enters our nose and
mouth, travels down the trachea, and into
the lungs through the bronchi.
 Just like our arteries, the bronchi further
divide into smaller tubes called
bronchioles.
 The bronchioles end in the alveoli.
 Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, so
the exchange of gases occur through very
thin wall vessels.


Air enters our lungs through pressure
changes. When we inhale, the muscles
on our ribs and our diaphragm contract,
expanding our chest. When our chest
expands, the air pressure in our lungs
drop, pulling air into our lungs. When
we relax our muscles, elastic cartilage
pulls our ribs in, pushing the air out of
our lungs.

http://www.starsandseas.com/SAS%20P
hysiology/Cardiovascular/Cardiovascula
r.htm
Digestive System

Structures: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines,
rectum

Functions: Converts food into simpler
molecules that can be used by the cells
of the body, absorbs food, eliminates
wastes
Nervous System

Structures: Brain, spinal cord. Peripheral
nerves

Functions: Recognizes and coordinates
the body’s responses to changes in its
internal and external environments
Reproductive Systems

Structures:
 Males-Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra,
and penis
 Females-Ovaries, Fallopian tubes uterus,
vagina

Functions: Produces reproductive cells
 Males-sperm
 Females- eggs, also nurtures and protects
developing embryo
○ Stages development
 Sperm & egg unite during fertilization to create a
zygote- blastocyst – embryo- fetus- Infant
Endocrine System

Structures: Glands- Hypothalamus,
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (females),
testes (males)

Function: Controls growth, development,
and metabolism, maintains homeostasis
Male on left and female on right
1. Pineal gland,
2. Pituitary gland,
3. Thyroid gland,
4. Thymus,
5. Adrenal gland,
6. Pancreas,
7. Ovary, female only
8.Testis, male only
Integumentary System

Structures: Skin, hair, nails, sweat and
oil glands

Functions: Serves as a barrier to
regulate body temperatures, provides
protection against ultraviolet radiation
from the sun
Excretory System

Structures: Skin, Lungs, kidneys,
ureters, urinary, bladder, urethra

Functions: Eliminates waste products
from the body in ways that maintain
homeostasis
Lymphatic/immune System

Structures: White blood cells, thymus,
spleen lymph nodes, lymph vessels

Functions: Helps protect the body from
disease. Collects fluid lost from blood
vessels and returns the fluid to the
circulatory system
The lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is part of
the immune system, which
defends the body against
infection. The lymphatic system
is a network of small lymph
nodes connected by very thin
lymph vessels, which branch
into every part of the body
except the brain and spinal
cord.
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
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The major nodes can be found in the neck,
armpits, chest, abdomen, pelvis and groin.
Other parts of the lymphatic system include
the spleen, thymus and bone marrow.
A clear fluid called lymph flows through the
lymph vessels. It contains white blood cells
called lymphocytes, special proteins called
antibodies, and some waste products.
Lymphocytes and antibodies are important
parts of your body's immune system.
The lymph fluid passes through the lymph
nodes, which filter out bacteria and other
harmful things