Transcript Animals - Weebly

Maintaining Homeostasis: Nutrient
Absorption
• How many different
systems do you see?
3
1. Digestive
2. Respiratory
3. Circulatory
Match each system with its function
and complete the following table:
System
What system do the products go to? (use arrows)
Function of system
Digestive
system
Circulatory System
Respiratory
system
Circulatory system
To break down food in to
small molecules to be
absorbed
To take in oxygen from the
environment to be absorbed
Circulatory
system
Respiratory system (CO2), waste To circulate food and oxygen
for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
glucose + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water + energy
1. Where does the glucose come from?
Food
2. Where does the oxygen come from?
Breathing
3. What are the final products of cellular respiration?
CO2, H2O, ATP
4. In which organelle does this take place in our cells?
Mitochondria
Types of digestive
Filter feeder
systems:
Digestive cavity:
Digestive tract:
1 opening
2 openings
(Gastrovascular cavity)
Description of system:
Aquatic animals that
Digestive chamber with
strain tiny floating
food entering and waste
organisms from water
exiting through one
2 openings: mouth,
anus.
opening.
Picture of system:
Examples
Cnidarians, Flatworms
Roundworms, Earthworms,
Mollusks, Arthropods,
Sponges
Mammals
Human Digestive System
Purpose: converts food into simpler molecules that can be
used by the cells of the body; absorbs food and eliminates
waste
Parts of the System:
 mouth
 pharynx
 esophagus
 stomach
 small intestine
 large intestine
 rectum/colon
 accessory organs include the salivary glands, liver, gall bladder,
pancreas
How the Digestive System Works:
 Digestion begins in the mouth
o chemical digestion – salivary glands produce
amylase which begins to break down sugars
and starches
o mechanical digestion – teeth grind and break
down food into smaller pieces
 esophagus – moves food from mouth to stomach
using peristalsis
(smooth muscle contractions)
o stomach – food is combined with acids (pH 1-2) and
enzymes (chemical digestion); the stomach muscles
squeeze and contract (mechanical digestion)
o chyme – partially digested food
o cardiac sphincter – ring of muscle at top of stomach to keep food
inside
o pyloric sphincter – ring of muscle at bottom of stomach to keep
food pushed into small intestine from re-entering stomach
• small intestine – absorption of food molecules into the
blood takes place here with the help of enzymes
o inner surface of small intestine heavily folded and lined with
small finger-like projections called villi
o this creates a large surface area for nutrient absorption
 large intestine – absorbs water and compacts waste
 rectum/anus – releases wastes outside the body
 Smooth muscle lining the digestive organs moves food
through in a one-way direction (peristalsis)
Click on picture
Accessory organs of the digestive system:
 pancreas
Bile Duct
o Produces insulin and glucagon to
regulate blood sugar levels
o Produces enzymes that break
down carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids and nucleic acids
 liver
Liver
o Produces bile, aids in the
digestion of fats
o Bile is stored in a pouch under
the liver, the gall bladder
Pancreas
Stomach
Homeostasis and Internal Feedback Mechanisms:
• Glucose is primary source of energy
for body
• Constant supply of glucose must be
maintained in the blood, but must
be kept in balance so as not to
damage cells
• Hormones produced by pancreas,
glucagon and insulin, help cells
maintain homeostasis with regard
to blood sugar
Fun Facts
 Because smooth muscles in the esophagus contract in
waves in a single direction, any food you ate would reach
your stomach even if you were standing on your head.
 Humans produce about 1.7 liters of saliva per day.
 The average male will eat about 50 tons of food over his
lifetime to sustain a weight of 150 pounds!
DIGESTION
Respiratory systems of Kingdom Animalia
Simple
Types of
Diffusion
respiratory
through
system:
Gills
Complex
Tracheal tubes
Book lungs
Lungs
skin/cells
Structures
of system:
Adaptation
to land or
Water
Water
Terrestrial, land
Terrestrial, land
land
water?
Examples
Terrestrial,
Sponges, corals,
Fish, crayfish,
jellyfish,
lobsters, crabs
planarian,
earthworm
Insects
Spiders
Mammals,
humans
Human respiratory system
Purpose:
 Provides O2 to the blood for cellular respiration in the cells and
removes produced CO2 from the body
 Exchange of gases occurs through the walls of the sacs of the lungs
Structures:
• Nasal Cavity (Nose)
o warms, filters, moistens air as it
passes over mucous membrane
 Pharynx (Throat)
o Located where the passages from
the nose and mouth come together
 Epiglottis
 Flap of elastic tissue that forms a
lid over the opening of the trachea
 Larynx (Voice Box)
o Located between the pharynx and
the trachea
o Contains two ligaments—vocal
cords—that produce sound
(vibrate) when air moves through
them
 Trachea (Windpipe)
o Tube through which air moves from
the pharynx to the lungs (stiff
cartilage)
 Bronchi
o Two short tubes which direct air into right and left
lungs
 Bronchioles
o Millions of smaller tubes that branch off each
bronchi
 Alveoli
o Small sacs found at the end of the
bronchioles that are surrounded by
capillaries
 site of gas exchange: oxygen and carbon dioxide
exchange places in the capillaries
 Diaphragm
o Sheet of muscle below
the lungs that separate
chest cavity (thorax)
from the abdominal
cavity
o Contracts and relaxes to
help inflate and deflate
the lungs
Respiratory Processes:
 Breathing:
o the movement of air into and out of the lungs
 External Respiration
o the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in
the capillaries of the alveoli and the air
o occurs in the lungs
 Internal Respiration (Cellular Respiration):
o the process by which cells get energy from the
breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen
o occurs in the mitochondria of the cells
o Why do we breathe faster during exercise?
Because there
is elevated
amounts of
CO2 in the
blood stream
Let’s Review:
• After food is broken
down/digested,
what system do the
molecules diffuse
to?
• After you take a
breath, in to what
system does the
oxygen diffuse to?
Circulatory Systems of Kingdom Animalia:
Types of circulatory
Diffusion through skin/cells
Open circulatory
Closed circulatory
system
system
system:
Blood is not contained in
Blood is contained within a
Organisms are thin and most of their
a network of blood
network of blood vessels
cells are close to the external
vessels
Description of
system:
environment so materials can pass
easily in to and out of their bodies
Picture of
system:
Examples
Flatworms
Insects, crustaceans,
Squid, octopus, Mammals,
snails, oysters
humans
Human Circulatory System
Purpose: To transport oxygen and nutrients to
all the cells in the body and to take carbon
dioxide and wastes away from the cells of the
body
Structures:
 heart: main organ that pumps blood
 blood vessels: tubes through which blood
travels
 arteries: carry blood away from heart
 veins: carry blood toward heart
 capillaries: smallest blood vessels; where
exchange of nutrients and wastes takes place
by diffusion
 blood: liquid including red and white blood
cells and platelets
 plasma: thick, yellowish liquid in which blood cells
are suspended
 red blood cells: carry O2 and remove CO2
(transported by the protein hemoglobin)
 white blood cells: help fight disease
 platelets: help form blood clots
Open Circulatory System: blood is only partially
contained within a system of blood vessels
 Blood comes in direct contact with the tissues
and eventually makes its way back to the heart
 Characteristic of arthropods and most
mollusks
Closed Circulatory System: heart or heart-like organ
forces blood through vessels that extend throughout
the body
 Blood stays within these vessels
 Materials reach body tissues by
diffusing across the walls of the blood
vessels
 Characteristic of larger, more active animals
 Because blood trapped within the blood
vessels is kept at high pressure, it can be
circulated more efficiently than in an open
circulatory system
Single Loop Circulation
 Most single-loop vertebrates use gills for
respiration
 Forces blood around body in one direction
Double Loop Circulation –located in vertebrates that
use lungs for respiration
First loop – carries blood between heart and lungs
Oxygen poor blood from the heart is pumped to the lungs
while oxygen-rich blood from the lungs returns to the heart
Second loop – carries blood between heart and body
Oxygen-rich blood from the heart is pumped to the body,
while oxygen-poor blood from the body returns to the
heart.
• CIRCULATORY BLOOD FLOW
heart pathway
cardiac cycle
Atrium = A
Right
Side
Ventricle = V
Aorta
Pulmonary
Artery
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
Left
atrium
Left
ventricle
Left
Side
To body
Right
Side
Left
Side
To lungs
From body
To lungs
From lungs
From
lungs
heart pathway
cardiac cycle
From
body
Structure
Function
Veins
Vessels that carry blood to the heart
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood away from
the heart
Capillaries
Site where O2 and CO2 are exchanged, tiny
vessels connecting arteries to veins.
Oxygen rich
blood/oxygenated
Oxygen poor
blood/deoxygenated
Blood that is high in O2 and low in
CO2 (RED)
Blood that is low in O2 and high in
CO2 (BLUE)
Left Atrium
Receives O2 rich blood from the lungs
Right Atrium
Receives O2 poor blood from the
body
Left Ventricle
Pumps O2 rich blood to the body
Right Ventricle
Pumps O2 poor blood to the lungs
Valves
Open and close to keep blood
moving in one direction
Pulmonary Artery
Carries O2 poor blood to the lungs
Aorta
Carries O2 rich blood to the body
Pericardium
Thin sac (membrane) that surrounds
the heart
Myocardium
The contractile muscle tissue of the
heart
Heart Attack vs. Stroke
Heart Attack
Stroke
Artificial Heart
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