Transcript chapt01_lecture-student

PowerPoint Lecture Outlines
to accompany
Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Brain vs Computer
• Both tremendous capacity to store information
• Computer can easily retrieve information due to software
designed to organize information storage that allows for
fast and easy retrieval.
• Our brains have same capacity but we have to “program”
the brain to retrieve
• “Basket of socks” analogy - connections create
organization
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy and
Physiology
Expanding your knowledge base!
• “jungle gym analogy”
1. Comprehension – ability to read or hear → understand
2. Study skills – reading rate, memorization aptitude, “brain hooks - socks”
3. Discipline – preview chapters, studying material on daily basis outside of class
4. Organization – notes, flash cards, lists, drawings, reviews
5. Prior knowledge base – previous courses in college or high school
6. Hard work – hours put in if not proficient in basics – plan now!
7. Correlate material – acronyms, analogies, personalize
8. Study partners or groups – 2 or more viewpoints clears understanding
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How To Achieve Your Grade!
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Lecture tests make up 70% of grade!
Attend classes – penalty if over 4 misses
Do chapter summaries
Do chapter review exercises (bonus)
Turn in all articles – 10 in 12 weeks
Pass all open book/notes quizzes (>70%) – are pass or fail
Give blood and do community service project
Study bonus questions given out before tests – 8 to 10
given for each test but only 2 on each lab or lecture test
9. Participate in class
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy
– study of structure
Physiology
– study of function
Structure is always related to function
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
“Building blocks of the organism”
Atom – hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen atoms
Molecule – water , glucose, NaCl molecules
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule
Organelle – mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, ribosome,
lysosome, cell membrane, nucleus
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, bone cell- (70 trillion)
Tissue – bone tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue
Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, liver
Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system,
integumentary system, circulatory system
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Organism – human, cat, dog
Table 1.3, p. 8
Characteristics of Life - 10
1) Movement – change in position; motion – inside and outside
2) Responsiveness – reaction to a change
3) Growth – increase in size
4) Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
5) Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing
carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
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Characteristics of Life
6) Digestion – breakdown of food substances
7) Absorption – passage of substances through
membranes and into body fluids
8) Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
9) Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
different substances
10) Excretion – removal of wastes
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Metabolism
• Physical and chemical events that release and
utilize energy
• All the previous characteristics of life involve
metabolism
Table 1.4, p. 9
Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport
- regulates body temperature
Food
- supply energy
- supply raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- atmospheric pressure (exerted by gas) – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure (exerted by fluids) – keeps blood flowing
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Homeostasis
“Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment”
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment
and corrects any changes
•Receptors - provides information about internal and external
environment
•Control center - tells what a particular value should be and
processes a response to information
•Effectors - causes response to change of internal environment
•Positive feed back – promote frequency & intensity of
process – ie ↑ breathing rate with exercise
•Negative feedback – reverses trend of process – ie rising
internal body temperature above 98.6 F
Homeostatic Mechanisms
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Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity = pleural cavity (lungs) + mediastinum (heart, esophagus, thymus, trachea)
↓
Diaphram
↓
Abdominopelvic cavity = abdominal cavity (stomach, pancreas, liver, spleen, gallbladder, large and small intestine
+
pelvic cavity (terminal large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs)
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Serous Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall-”guards perimeter”
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura (lungs)
Parietal pleura (lungs)
Visceral pericardium (heart)
Parietal pericardium (heart)
Abdominopelvic Membranes
• Visceral peritoneum
• Parietal peritoneum
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Serous Membranes
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Table 1.2, p. 8, Summaries pp. 16 - 19
Organ Systems
skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands
bones, ligaments
& cartilage
skeletal muscles
& tendons
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Organ Systems
brain, spinal nerves
cranial nerves,
spinal cord
autonomic system
pituitary, thyroid, pancreas
adrenals, reproductive, thymus
parathyroid glands
End of A&P I
heart, arteries,
capillaries, veins
& blood
lymphatic vessels
lymph fluid & nodes,
spleen and thymus
mouth, tongue, teeth
salivary glands,
pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas,
small & large intestine
Organ Systems
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
scrotum, testes
epididymides,
vasa deferentia,
seminal vesicles,
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
urethra and penis
ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus,
vagina,
clitoris
vulva
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Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper
limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Terms of Relative Position
•Superior versus Inferior – top vs bottom
•Anterior versus Posterior – front vs back of structure
•Medial versus Lateral – middle vs away from middle of structure
•Ipsilateral versus Contralateral – same side vs opposite side
•Proximal versus Distal – closer to body vs away from body –
usually associated with extremities
•Superficial versus Deep – near surface vs more internal
↓
•Peripheral – outward from central structure or near surface 1-18
Body Sections
•Sagittal / Median-leave left & right portions
•Transverse / Cross- leave top & bottom portions
•Coronal or Frontal- leave front & back portions
•Oblique-cut at angle in any of the planes
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Abdominal Subdivisions
Vertical line – through center of breast
Horizontal line – 11th rib & ASIS of pelvis
Locate:
“Cross hairs” on navel
liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine, spleen, diaphram, urinary bladder
Body Regions
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Let’s Review
• What is anatomy?
• What is physiology?
• The synthesis of the protein hormone insulin is an
example of which characteristic of life?
• Define homeostasis.
• How is homeostasis usually maintained?
• What are the 11 organ systems of human body?
Review
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List the levels of organization in ascending order
The nose is ______ to the ear.
The hand is _____ to the shoulder.
The elbow is ____ to the wrist.
The head is ____ to the neck.
Lt breast is ________ Lt lung.
The Rt foot is ________ to the Lt eye.
Define visceral/parietal membranes.
What are 10 characteristics of life?
Study Guides
• FYI—terms Page 1 & Page 25
• Preview next chapter before next lecture!
• www.mhhe.com/shier10 - answers to chapter
summaries, self quiz, interactive activities
THE END
Clinical Application
Medical Imaging
•Noninvasive procedures
•Provide images of soft internal
structures
Ultrasonography
•Use of highfrequency sound
waves
•Relatively quick
and inexpensive
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
•Requires injection of dye
•Produces computerized
transverse, frontal, and sagittal
sections of area being studied
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