Transcript PowerPoint to accompany Hole`s Human Anatomy and

Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy
and Physiology
1-2
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy –
Physiology –
Structure is always related to function
1-3
Levels of Organization
Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell
Tissue – loose connective tissue, muscle tissue
Organ – skin, femur
Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system
Organism - human
1-4
Levels of Organization
1-5
Characteristics of Life
Movement –
Responsiveness –
Growth –
Reproduction –
Respiration –
1-6
Characteristics of Life
Digestion –
Absorption – passage of substances through
membranes and into body fluids
Circulation –
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
different substances
Excretion –
1-7
Requirements of Organisms
Water
- required for transport
- regulates body temperature
Food
- supply raw materials
1-8
Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen
- one-fifth of air
-
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
1-9
Homeostasis
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms –
•Receptors - provide information
•Control center - tells what a particular value should be
•Effectors - causes responses to change internal
environment
1-10
• Negative feedback- maintains homeostatic
– Most feedback mechanisms in body use this
• Positive feedback-blood clot stimulates more
clotting
– baby suckles stimulates more milk
Homeostatic Mechanisms
1-11
Body Cavities
1-12
Serous Membranes
Line walls of thoracic and abdominal cavities and organs
Visceral layer –
Parietal layer –
Thoracic Membranes
Abdominopelvic Membranes
•Visceral pleura
•Visceral peritoneum
•Parietal pleura
•Parietal peritoneum
•Visceral pericardium
•Parietal pericardium
1-13
Serous Membranes
1-14
Organ Systems
1-15
Organ Systems
1-16
Organ Systems
1-17
Life-Span Changes
Aging begins right after child birth
Woman over 35 may have advanced
maternal age
40-50 gray hair, wrinkles, high
blood pressure
60 waning immunity makes
vaccinations more important
1-18
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward,
upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Terms of Relative Position
• Superior versus Inferior
•Anterior versus Posterior
•Medial versus Lateral
•Ipsilateral versus Contralateral
•Proximal versus Distal
•Superficial versus Deep
1-18
Body Sections
•Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median
•Transverse / Cross
•Coronal or Frontal
•Oblique
sagittal.mov
coronal.mov
transverse.mov
1-19
Abdominal Subdivisions
1-20
Body Regions
1-21
Clinical Application
Medical Imaging
•Noninvasive procedures
•Provide images of soft internal
structures
Ultrasonography
•Use of highfrequency sound
waves
•Relatively quick
and inexpensive
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
•Requires injection of dye
•Produces computerized
transverse, frontal, and
sagittal sections of area
being studied
1-22