Transcript PowerPoint to accompany Hole`s Human Anatomy

PowerPoint Lecture Outlines
to accompany
Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy
and Physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
Physiology – study of function
Structure is always related to function
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Levels of Organization
Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell
Tissue – loose connective tissue, muscle tissue
Organ – skin, femur
Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system
Organism - human
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Levels of Organization
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Characteristics of Life
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in size
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing
carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
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Characteristics of Life
Digestion – breakdown of food substances
Absorption – passage of substances through
membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
different substances
Excretion – removal of wastes
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Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport
- regulates body temperature
Food
- supply energy
- supply raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
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Homeostasis
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the
internal environment and corrects any changes
•Receptors - provide information
•Control center - tells what a particular value should be
•Effectors - causes responses to change internal
environment
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Homeostatic Mechanisms
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Body Cavities
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Serous Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
•Visceral pleura
•Parietal pleura
•Visceral pericardium
•Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
•Visceral peritoneum
•Parietal peritoneum
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Organ Systems
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Organ Systems
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Organ Systems
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Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward,
upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Terms of Relative Position
• Superior versus Inferior
•Anterior versus Posterior
•Medial versus Lateral
•Ipsilateral versus Contralateral
•Proximal versus Distal
•Superficial versus Deep
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Body Sections
•Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median
•Transverse / Cross
•Coronal or Frontal
•Oblique
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Abdominal Subdivisions
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Clinical Application
Medical Imaging
•Noninvasive procedures
•Provide images of soft internal
structures
Ultrasonography
•Use of highfrequency sound
waves
•Relatively quick
and inexpensive
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
•Requires injection of dye
•Produces computerized
transverse, frontal, and
sagittal sections of area
being studied
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