Transcript The Circulatory System

Levels of Organization
GQ: How is an organism
formed from a cell?
Atom
• Smallest unit of
matter
• Molecule: more
then one atom
together
Cell
• Basic unit of life
• All shape and
sizes
• Every organism
begins with a
cell
Tissue
• Cells are
organized in
specialized
groups
• Ex, individual
fibers from
muscle, skin,
etc….
Tissue Types in the
Human
• Epithelial
• primarily used for protection
• Connective
• primarily used for support
• Nerve
• primarily used for control
• Muscle
• primarily used for movement
Organ
• A group of
tissue that work
together
• Examples,
muscle, skin,
heart, etc…
Organ System
• Groups of
organs that
work
together
• Muscle
system, etc
Organism
• A group of
organ systems
working
together as
one
Activity
• Create a chart
that describes
the
organization
of an
organism
Body Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
Immune
Circulatory
Reproductive
Integumentary
Endocrine
respiratory
•
•
•
•
•
Skeletal
Digestive
Nervous
Muscle
Excretory
Here They Are: Your Body Systems (Part 1).
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif
And Your Body Systems (Part 2)
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/lect_19.htm
Body system Activity
• Puzzle
• Brochure
Protection, Support &
Locomotion
Chapter 34
34.1 Integumentary
System
Latin integumentum, from
integere 'to cover'; from in+ tegere 'to cover; AKA the
Skin
• 1.
Epidermis –
• outermost
layer, 25- of 2
Skin
composed
30 layers of dead
layers:
cells,
• keratin : a protein
called which protects
and gives elasticity
• melanin : inner layer
contains – pigment
that colors skin and
protects from sun
• 2. Dermis – inner,
thicker
portion of the of 2
Skin
composed
skin which contains:
layers:
• blood vessels
• Nerves & nerve
endings
• hair follicles
• sweat and oil glands
• subcutaneous fat various amounts of fat
lie under the dermis
Functions of the Skin:
• 1. Thermoregulation
– temperature
control
• 2. Sensory organ –
pressure, pain,
temperature
• 3. Produces
essential vitamins –
Vitamin D
• 4. Protective layer –
physical and
chemical shield
Skin Facts!
Makes up about 16% of our total body
weight
Every 24 hours, the surface of the skin
sheds a layer of dead cells, constantly
renewing about every 28 days
Dead skin cells make up about 90% of
household dust
An average of 40 kilos of skin is shed
during a lifetime
Varies in thickness from 1mm on eyelids
to 3mms on palms and soles
The Skin
Is the body’s largest organ
Skin Injury and Healing
• Epidermis injury –
fills with deeper
epidermal cells
through cell
division
• Dermis Injury –
bleeding occurs,
clots form, scab
covers site, WBC
invade the area to
clean up the mess
• Scarring occurs
due to connective
BURNS
Finger Print Lab (p. 1)
• Purpose: To identify my type of
finger print.
• Problem: What does my finger
print look like?
• Hypothesis: If I fingerprint
myself, then I can identify my
type of print.
• Materials: magnify glass, finger
print card, ink pad, cotton
round, ink remover
Finger Print Lab
• Procedure (copy) from page 925
• Data: (attach card on opposite
page)
• Analysis: copy and answer
questions
• Conclusion: summarize what you
did, what you saw, did you identify
your finger print, why or why not?
Chapter 34.2
Skeleton System
Amazing Skeleton Facts
Smallest bones are found in the ear.
Longest bone in the body is the femur
Bones are filled with a fatty substance
called bone marrow
In Bone marrow, red and white blood cells
are manufactured and then released into the
bloodstream.
Over half the body's bones are in the hands
and feet
The only jointless bone in your body is the
hyoid bone in your throat.
Skeletal System
• Two systems:
• 1. Axial
(green) skull,
vertebrae,
ribs and the
sternum
• 2.
Appendicular
• (Purple) -
• Joints - point
where 2 bones
meet
• Ligament fibrous
structure that
connects bone
to bone
• Tendon -
connective
tissue that
connects
muscle to bone
• Bursae - fluid
• Did you know
that humans
and giraffes
have the same
number of
bones in their
necks?
• Giraffe neck
vertebrae are
just much,
much longer!
Bone Tissue
• Bones are porous, these pores contain living
cells and channels for blood vessels that
supply the cells with nutrients. The pores
make bones lighter.
• 2 Types:
• 1. Spongy or Cancellous bone tissue
• contains many large spaces filled with
marrow (storage for marrow)
• 2. Compact or Dense bone tissue
• contains few spaces, it is deposited in a
layer over the spongy bone tissue
Bone Growth
• The process of
converting the
cartilage in
embryonic
skeletons into bone
is called
endochondral
ossification.
• Protect – internal organs & Support -Move – muscular
attachments, levers
• Cells - produce blood cells, store fat
• Storehouse – essential minerals, Ca
Functions of the
skeleton –
Types of Joints
• Gliding (arthrodia),
• flat surfaces side to
side and back and
forth movements
• Ex: carpal, tarsal
bones, sternum,
clavicle, scapula
• Hinge - convex
surface fits into the
concave surface
• single plane
motion (monaxial)
Flexion/Extens
ion
• Ex: elbow, knee,
ankle &
interphalangeal
joints
• Ball and Socket (spheroid) ball like
surface fits into a
cup like depression
• (triaxial)moves in 3
planes flex/ext,
ab/ad and rotation
• Ex: hip and
shoulder
• Pivot - “twist” on
each other/rotates
Name the joint
Activity
• Draw examples of joints
• Skelton coloring and labeling
Types of
Joints
• Go to page 931 in
your book
• Draw and give an
example of the 4
types of joints
• 1. Hinge
• 2. Ball & Socket
• 3. Gliding
• 4. Pivot
Muscle
Chapter 34.3
Weird Muscle Facts!
• Flea's can jump 130 times
higher than their own height. In
human terms this is equal to a
6ft. person jumping 780 ft. into
the air
• Hummingbirds are the only
animals able to fly backwards
• A cat has 32 muscles in each
ear
Muscular >600
• Three Types of
muscle fibers:
• 1. Smooth muscle involuntary, nonstriated, blood
vessels, digestive
and reproductive
tract
• 2. Cardiac muscle involuntary, striated,
has own electrical
conduction system,
heart
• 3. Skeletal muscle -
• muscle fibers - myofibrils - smaller
protein filaments either:
• actin - thinner filaments
• myosin- thicker filaments
• sarcomeres - sections of the functional
units of muscle
• ATP supplies muscles in aerobic and
anaerobic exercises
• Sliding filament theory - actin
filaments within a sarcomere slide
towards one another shortening the
sarcomere and causing the muscle to
contract
Fatigue and Exercise p.
2
• Purpose: To determine how
fatigue affects different
muscles.
• Problem: copy from p. 940
• Hypothesis: If I do the same
repetitive exercise for 5
minutes, then my muscles will
become tired. If I add a weight
while doing an exercise my
muscles will become tired in 15
seconds.
Fatigue and Exercise
• Procedure: create your own
• Data: follow the table on p. 940
• Analyze: write and answer
question on p. 940
• Conclusion: (your own
paragraph of what occurred in
the lab, relate back to your
prediction being true or false
and state why)
Chapter 35
Digestive
System
The Digestive System
• Functions:
• Ingestion
• Mechanical &
chemical
digestion
• Absorption
• Elimination of
solid wastes
The Digestive System
1. Mouth:
• Teeth
• Adapted for tearing &
grinding food
• Tongue
• Adapted for tasting, &
swallowing food,
speech
• Salivary glands
• Secretes enzymes for
digestion of starch
The Digestive System
2. Esophagus
• Muscular
passageway
that connects
the throat to
the stomach
• Peristalsis
• Wavelike
contractions for
moving food
through the
digestive tract
The Digestive System
3. Stomach
• Muscular, pouch-like enlargement of
the digestive tract
• Mechanical digestion,
muscular churning
• Chemical digestion,
gastric fluids begin
the digestion of protein
The Digestive System
4. Small intestine
• Muscular tube
connecting the
stomach and large
intestine
• Completion of digestion
by chemicals added
from pancreas & liver
• Absorption of food by
villi
• Fingerlike projections
that increase the
Cross-section of Small Intestine showing villi
The Digestive System
5. Large intestine
• Muscular tube leading from the
small intestine to the rectum
• Absorption of water & minerals
• Synthesis of vitamins
by symbiotic bacteria
• Elimination of
indigestible wastes
Accessory Organs
• Liver (I)
• Large organ that
produces bile,
which breaks
down fats
• Gall bladder (H)
• Small organ
storing bile from
liver
• Pancreas (D)
• Soft gland that
Nutrition
• Carbohydrates
(sugars & starches)
• The body’s main source for energy
• Lipids (fats, oils & waxes)
• Stores energy for the body and used
as building materials for cell
membrane
• Proteins
• Provides cell structure & function,
i.e. enzymes, hormones, antibodies,
etc
Nutrition
• Minerals & vitamins
• For normal growth and
chemical reactions
• Minerals are inorganic, such as
iron, iodine, & sodium
• Vitamins are organic, such as
riboflavin, niacin, & ascorbic
acid
• Water
• Facilitates chemical reactions,
universal solvent, maintains
body temperature
Calories measure energy content of food in units of heat
Reading Nutritional
Labels
• Purpose: To understand the
different parts on a nutrition
label
• Problem: How do I read a
nutritional label to see if it gives
me my daily nutrients.
• Hypothesis: If I understand the
parts on the nutrient label then I
will be able to determine if it is
a good food source.
• Materials: book and 4 nutritional
• Procedure: Copy from page 957
leave 4 blank lines
Type of
%
%
%
%
• Data:
Nutrient
Soup Food Food Food
1
Carbohydrate
(60%)
Fat (30%)
Saturated Fat
(10%)
Cholesterol
(1.5%)
Protein (10%)
Total Calories
2
3
%
Food
4
• Analyze:
1. Does your foods provide more then
30% of any of the daily nutrients?
Which food and which nutrient?
2. Evaluate the percentage of calories
in your foods that are provide by
saturated fat; which food type has
more or less?
3. Is any food consider nutritious to
eat? Explain your answer.
• Conclusion: (your own paragraph
of what occurred in the lab, relate
back to your prediction being true
Chapter 36
The Nervous
System
The Nervous System
• Neurons
• Nerves cells, the basic unit of
structure & function of the nervous
system
The Nervous System
• Neuron structure:
• Dendrites
• Branchlike extensions that receive
impulses & carry them toward the
cell body
• Cell body
• Location of the nucleus & much of
the cytoplasm
• Axons
• Extensions carrying the impulse
away from the cell body
The Nervous System
• Categories of neurons:
• Sensory neurons carry impulses from
the body to the spinal cord & brain
• Motor neurons carry impulses from the
spinal cord & brain to the body
• Interneurons are found within the
spinal cord & brain, pass response
impulses between sensory & motor
The Nervous System
• Transmitting an Impulse:
• Each impulse consists of an electrical
charge that travels the length of a
neuron’s cell membrane to a gap,
called a synapse
• The impulse is caused by the
depolarization of chemicals
surrounding the cell membrane
• Chemicals called nuerotransmitters,
are released into the synapse, which
stimulates a charge in the next neuron
The Nervous System
• Division of the Nervous
System:
• Central Nervous
System (CNS)
• Consists of the
brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
• Consists of the nerves
that carry messages
to & from the CNS
The Central Nervous
System
• Anatomy of the Brain:
• Cerebrum
• Largest lobe, controlling voluntary
movement, intelligence, memory, & the
senses
• Cerebellum
• Located at the back,
controlling balance, posture, and
coordination
• Medulla oblongata
• Located within the brain stem,
controlling involuntary (vital) activities
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla
The Peripheral Nervous
System
• Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
• Made up of cranial & spinal
nerves, relaying voluntary
information between the
CNS and the skin & muscles
• Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS)
• Made up of the sympathetic
& parasympathetic
systems, relaying
involuntary responses, not
under conscious control
The Peripheral Nervous
System
• Reflexes
• An automatic, unconscious response
for protecting the body
• This response travels to the spinal
cord where it responds directly back
to a muscle
Mini-Lab 36-1
• Copy from book p. 980
Chapter 37
Respiration and
Circulatory
System
The Respiratory System
• Pathway of air:
1. Nasal passages =
to warm, moisten, &
filter
2. Pharynx = throat
3. Epiglottis = cartilage
flap covering opening of
trachea,
prevents food from
entering
4. Larynx = voice box
The Respiratory System
5. Trachea (windpipe)
5. surrounded by cartilage
rings to prevent collapse
6. Bronchi  bronchioles
5. successively smaller
tubes branching into
lungs
7. Alveoli
5. small sacs where oxygen
& CO2 are exchanged
by simple diffusion
The Respiratory System
• Types of Respiration:
• External Respiration
• Occurs in lungs, oxygen enters blood
• Internal Respiration
• Occurs in body cells, oxygen enters
tissue
Which is
External?
…Internal?
The Respiratory System
• Mechanics of breathing:
• Inhaling = diaphragm contracts,
chest enlarges, reduced pressure
brings in air
• Exhaling = diaphragm relaxes,
chest reduces, increased pressure
pushes out air
Movie Clip!
The Circulatory System: the
Blood
• Plasma
• Straw colored fluid portion of
blood
• Transports food, cell wastes,
hormones, antibodies, etc
The Circulatory System: the
Blood
• Red Blood Cells
• Small, disc-shaped
cells without
nuclei
• Contains
Hemoglobin, which
gives RBCs the
ability to transport
oxygen
The Circulatory System: the
Blood
• White Blood Cells
• Large, nucleated
cells without color
• Change shape to
slip in & out of
vessels; for
surrounding and
engulfing foreign
substances
The Circulatory System: the
Blood
• Platelets
• Very small cell fragments
• Help clot the blood after an injury
Platelets
The Circulatory System: the
Blood
• Blood Types A, B, AB & O
are determined by antigens:
• Antigens are substances
that stimulate an immune
response in the body
• Plasma contains antibodies:
• Antibodies are Y-shaped
proteins that match with
antigens
The Circulatory System: the
Vessels
• Arteries
• Large, thick-walled, muscular vessels
• Carry blood away from the heart
The Circulatory System: the
Vessels
• Veins
• Large, less muscular vessels with
valves to prevent backflow of
blood
• Carry blood toward the heart
The Circulatory System: the
Vessels
• Capillaries
• Microscopic blood vessels branching
throughout body tissues
• One cell thick walls allow exchange of
materials between blood & tissues
The Circulatory System: the
heart
• Chambers of the heart:
• Atria
• Upper, thin-walled
chambers that receive
blood from body
• Ventricles
• Lower, muscular
chambers that pump
blood to the entire body
The Circulatory System: the
heart
• Blood vessels:
• Vena cavae are the
largest veins that
enter Right Atrium
• Pulmonary Artery
takes blood to lungs,
while Pulmonary Veins
bring it back to heart
• Aorta is the largest
artery that leaves the
Left ventricle
The Circulatory System: the
heart
• Pulse
• The surge of blood
through an artery;
can measure the
number of
heartbeats/minute
• Blood Pressure
• The force that blood
exerts on the blood
vessels; directly
relates to heart
health
Pulse Lab
• Purpose: To understand the
different heart rates at resting
and activity level
• Problem: How do I know the
difference in my heart rate at
resting and activity level
• Hypothesis: If I take my pulse
before and after exercise then I
will be able to know my heart
rates.
• Materials: book and wall clock
• Procedure: Copy from page 1013
leave 10 blank lines
• Data: Heart Rate (beats per minute)
Trial
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Average
Resting
After Exercise
• Analyze: Copy question and
answer from page 1013
• Conclusion: (your own paragraph
of what occurred in the lab, relate
back to your prediction being true
or false and state why)
Unit 10
Chapter 39
Immunity from Disease
The Nature of Disease
• Pathogens
• Disease producing agents, such
as, bacteria, viruses,
protozoans, fungi & other
parasites
• Infectious disease
• Any disease caused by the
presence of pathogens in the
The Nature of Disease
• Koch’s postulates of 1884
•
•
•
•
(a procedure to establish the cause of a
disease)
1) A pathogen must be found in the body of
a sick organism
2) The pathogen must be isolated & grown
in the lab to produce a culture
3) When the cultured pathogen is placed in
a new host, it should cause the same
disease
4) The pathogen should be isolated from
The Nature of Disease
• Endemic disease
• Disease that are constantly
present in a population (ex:
common cold)
• Epidemic
• When many people in a given
area are affected with the same
disease at about the same time
The Nature of Disease
• Antibiotics
• Substances produced by
microorganisms that, in small
amounts, will kill or inhibit the
growth & reproduction of other
microorganisms
• Ex: Penicillin, an antibiotic
produced by a fungus, has
Spread of Disease Lab
• Handout cut and paste in lab
notebook!
The Immune System
• Innate Immunity
• Your body’s own built-in
defense system
• First (& best) line of defense:
• Unbroken skin
• Body secretions, such as
mucus, tears, sweat, & saliva
The Immune System
• Second line of defense is inflammatory
response:
• Fever= increased body temperature
slows or stops the growth of pathogens
• Phagocytes = white blood cells, such
as macrophages, that destroy
pathogens
• Interferon = proteins that protect cells
from viruses
The Immune System
• Third line of defense is cellular immunity:
• Lymphocytes are types of white
blood cells that defend the body
against foreign substances
• T cells are lymphocytes that
defend against abnormal cells
& pathogens inside livings cells
• B cells are lymphocytes that
provide immunity against
antigens & pathogens in the
body fluids
The Immune System
• Lymph
• Tissue fluid (to bathe, nourish
cells) after it enters the lymph
vessels that will return it to the
blood
• Lymph nodes
• Glands that filter pathogens
from the lymph before it returns
to the bloodstream
The Immune System
• Acquired Immunity
• Defending against a specific pathogen by
gradually building up a resistance to it.
• Passive = acquired naturally
when antibodies are transferred
from mother to unborn child
through the placenta
• Active = acquired artificially
when induced by vaccines
Immune system
Brochure