Transcript Human Body Systems II - Stevenson High School

Human Body Systems II
Muscular System
Parts-
Functions-
Skeletal Muscles – Movement and Shivering
Smooth Muscles – Digestion and Blood Pressure
Cardiac Muscles – Pump Blood (Rhythm!!!!!)
Tendons
– Connect Muscles to Bones
Smooth Muscles in Digestion
Sliding Filament Model – Contraction!
Skeletal System_________
Compact Bone
Ca+ Storage + Structure + Protection
Bone Marrow
Making Blood Cells + Fat Storage
Inner Ear Bones
Hearing
Tooth Enamel
Chewing, Cutting, Grinding Food
Ligaments
Connect Bone to Bone
Tendons
Connect Muscle to Bone
Cartilage
Cushions Joints + Structure
Osteoporosis
-Loss of bone mass caused by inability to store
and keep Calcium.
-Makes bones easier to break!
- leads to hip replacement, etc.
-Usually effects elderly or malnourished.
-Can be caused excessive caffeine, poor diet,
lack of exercise, smoking.
-Chronic and rapid among astronauts due to
lack of gravity.
Digestive System Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination
Salivary Glands, Teeth, Pharynx –Physical and
Chemical Digestion
Esophagus – Peristalsis pushing food to Stomach
Stomach – Physical – Churning
Chemical – HCl Acid and Enzymes
Small Intestine – Chemical Digestion + *Absorption*
Enzymes from Pancreas – Break down organics
Bile from Liver – Detergent for fats
Large Intestine – Reabsorbs Water- no Diarrhea!
Rectum – Darn near killed ‘em!
Anus -
Peptic Ulcers
-Break down of the protective lining of the
stomach resulting in leaking of acids into
the abdomen.
-Very painful, blood in the stool, loss of energy.
-Usually caused by bacteria who produce toxins
as a bi-product of their metabolisms
– Bacteria Pee-Pee
-Stress can lead to this because stress decreases
the ability for our immune system to fight!
Excretory System__________
-Kidneys are made of Nephrons, structures that
“filter” the nitrogenous waste from our
blood.
-Ureters carry urine to the Bladder for
semi-voluntary storage.
-Urethra carries urine out of body.
-If Nitrogenous Waste (urea) builds up, it
poisons our nervous systems.
How Nephrons work!
1. The Renal Artery brings blood
into the Glomerulus.
2. The Glomerulus leaks Plasma into the
Bowman’s Capsule of the proximal
convoluted tubule of the Nephron.
3. Good things like Glucose, some Salts, some of
the water, ions like K+ (potassium, calcium)
are reabsorbed into the blood in the distal
convoluted tubule.
Your Loop of Henle!!!
Dialysis
-Artificial filtration of the blood to remove
nitrogenous wastes.
-Catheter takes blood into machine where
urea is removed and blood is
returned to the body.
-For patients with Kidney failure.
-Short term, cannot be done for a lifetime.
-Eventually patient dies of nitrogen toxicity.
Immune System
Fights against Pathogens
Pathogens are invaders who wish to use
our bodies as ecosystems to breed in
and live in.
- Viruses, Bacteria, Protists (Amoebas, etc.),
Fungi, Animals (Parasitic Worms, etc.),
even Plants occasionally.
And Cancers which we recognize by their
antigens that are different from noncancerous cells.
The Usual Bad Guys.
Smallpox - Virus
Syphilis - Bacteria
Leishmaniasis - Protist
Elephantiaisis - Roundworm
Athlete’s Foot - Fungus
Immune System
Skin and Mucosa are first lines of defense.
Lymphatic System including glands and vessels
that contain huge numbers of
White Blood Cells (WBCs - Leukocytes).
Bone Marrow for maturing B-Cells
Thymus Gland for maturing T-Cells
Spleen for Recycling old WBCs and RBCs
Antigens are the key!!!
Antigens are proteins on the surface of
cells that act as cellular I.D.
Specific shapes just like faces, keys, etc.
Inflammatory Response
Cells and other microscopic components of the Immune System-
WBCs
Macrophages – “big eaters” that consume
pathogens and display the bad
guys’ I.D. for the Helper T-Cells
Helper T-Cells – “Talk” with Macrophages to
learn the I.D. of pathogens. Then they
“teach” the Cytotoxic Killer T-Cells and BCells how to recognize the bad guys.
Cytotoxic “Killer” T-Cells – Hunt down and
destroy cells with the wrong Antigen I.D.
using enzymes.
B-Cells – Manufacture and release
Antibodies that “flag” or mark
pathogens to be eaten.
Antibodies – Protein molecules that are
reflections of Antigens that attach to bad
guys so they can be detected and eaten
by Macrophages.
T-Cell Mediated Immune Response
1. Macrophage recognizes and eats pathogen
2. Macrophage displays pathogen antigens
(I.D.) to Helper T-Cells
3. Helper T-Cells “teach” Cytotoxic Killer TCells what the bad guys look like.
4. Killer T’s multiply.
5. Pathogens and infected cells are lysed
(destroyed) by enzymes from the Killer
T’s.
B-Cell Mediated Immune Response
1. Macrophage recognizes and eats pathogen
2. Macrophage displays pathogen antigens
(I.D.) to Helper T-Cells.
3. Helper T-Cells “teach” B-Cells what the bad
guys look like.
4. B-Cells make and release Antibodies
5. Antibodies bind to Pathogens, causing them
to clump together.
6. Macrophages eat and destroy marked
pathogens.
7. B Memory Cells Form creating Immunity
What are Antibiotics?
Drugs that use enzymes to prevent
Bacteria from building Cell Walls
What is an Allergy?
An unintentional Immune response to
a Non-Pathogen
- Leads to inflammatory response
that can block breathing or
circulation
Why should we never get the exact same
disease twice? What is Immunity? What
is a Vaccine? (Flu Shot)
Pathogens with their reproductive parts
removed teach our bodies how to
recognize and fight Pathogens before they
can infect us. We build Memory Cells that
allow a very fast reaction if we encounter
the same Pathogen again.