Transcript 447Intro(NoTP) - Syracuse University

BIO 447: Immunobiology
Introduction to Immunobiology and to
Immunology in Health, Medicine, and in
Biological Research and Forensic Analysis
Folder Title: 447Intro(NoTP)
Updated: September 6, 2016
(Without TP Questions)
Filename: 447Intro(NoTP)_Aug2016
Course Web-Site and Presentations
The Power-Point Presentations are available on the course web-site
at tpfondy.syr.edu/bio447
in the table link called
“Course Schedule and Graphics”
http://tpfondy.syr.edu/bio447
(Turning Point question slides are not included until after the
presentation except for some introductory Turning Point Slides in
this first presentation)
Textbook and Teaching Assistant
Textbook: Kuby, Immunology, 7th Edition
by Owen, Punt, & Strandford
Online Resources for Textbook (See later)
Yifan Gong: Teaching Assistant
EMail: [email protected]
Setting up your NXT Transmitter
(Revised August 2016 by Yifan)
Find channel and edit names
•
•
•
•
•
•
Press grey button with white oval in the middle
Main screen should be seen as shown in picture above
Press upper right button to go to Toolbox
Go to “Find Channels” and make sure you are on the right channel (Channel
45)
Press Right Arrow 4 times to get to “Your ID”
Enter your name (first five letters OK) using the letters shown on each key.




Left arrow under abc will clear characters
If you want a “c”, hit the abc key three times in quick succession.
When your name is entered hit the grey button.
You will get a smiley face.
Setting up your QT Transmitter
channel No.
battery
(Revised August 2016 by Yifan)
Find channel and edit names
• Press power button in the middle
• Main screen should be seen as
shown in picture on the right
side
• Press Toolbox button
• Go to “Your ID” and type in
your name (first five letters OK)
• Press channel button
• Enter channel number “45”
Toolbox button
channel button
power
button
How to use your Transmitter
(Revised August 2016 by Yifan)
Answer quiz questions
• Go to main screen (the view right after you hit power button)
• Type in your answer and hit oval button (NXT device) or enter (QT device)
• You will see a check mark indicating your answer was sent
• You can type in a new answer and submit it again, it will REPLACE your
previous answer.
Send your question to Professor in class
• To Send in a “Response to Leader” at any time during class, go to Toolbox,
select “Send Message”, type in your questions in there, professor will get a note
on his screen to see what was asked. (Your name will NOT be shown on screen)
• BE CAREFUL! Do NOT answer quiz questions under this “Send Message”
function! Your answer input here will NOT be received. You have to go to main
screen to answer question.
Back Button
Make sure you are on main screen.
Repeatedly push Back Button until you don’t
see the “backspace” or “go to” sign on screen
When you get the blank screen, respond to the
question:
I am here!
1.
2.
Yes
No
Non-Response
Response
Counter
0%
1.
0%
2.
This is to test your ability to send in a oneword answer: What day of the week is it?
Non-Response
Response
Counter
With respect to responding to quiz questions in
English using the Turning Point Transmitter:
A. I will have no problem.
B. I will need a little extra time.
C. I will have a lot of difficulty.*
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Response
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If you will need extra help from Yifan, please sit on
one of the aisle seats on the left side of the room as
you face the screen. That was we can get to you
quickly.
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Course Evaluation, Grading,
and Maintenance of Standards
Three In-Class Exams, 100 Pts Each
Exams only for those who actually come to class based on responses received from
transmitters. This is not on online course.
Exam 1, Tues. Oct. 11th; Exam 2, Thurs. Nov. 10th;
EXAM 3 During Final Exam Time (Covers only last third of class)
Class Participation Components:
Based on Responses Using Turning Point Transmitters
Number of responses is matched to the number of persons in class
Do not send transmitter to class. We will do paper check if there is an extra
transmitter response sent in.
200 Points Maximum Possible (40% of Course Grade)
26 Quizzes worth 8 points each. Will drop the lowest quiz.
University Athletic travel, Medical or Family Emergencies Managed by TA
Will determine average quiz grade and give that score for excused absences.
500 Points for the entire course:
Graded based on standing in the class of total students who originally registered
Course Evaluation and Maintenance
of Standards
No Make-Ups for scheduled exams.
Medical excuses are required for illness causing absence from an exam.
(See Verification of Medical Conditions, University Policy, February 25, 1993)
Dean's office confirmation required for personal emergencies.
Exam contents cover only what is actually presented in class,
whatever parts of the textbook directly pertain to what is covered in class,
(For example figures directly from the book), hand-outs given in class,
or whatever is specifically assigned in class.
Course organized based on Immunology by Janis Kuby and later Authors:
Prior editions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
7th Edition Currently in Use
Course Grading
Done strictly on a comparative basis by determining standing in the class.
Therefore: Rigorous honesty is essential!
(Don’t cheat and don’t assist anyone else in cheating)
NXT or QT Transmitters, also called “Response Cards” used for all classes.
Procedures for use sent to Class via Blackboard and given in earlier slides and
on hand-out of Slide 4, 5, 6,7
No cell phones or other electronic devices other than the Turning Point
transmitters are permitted during quizzes, or during exams.
If you want to use a laptop to take notes in class, that can be your choice, but do
not use the laptop for playing games or sending messages.
If you wish to record a class because of limitations with your comprehension of
English, or for problems with hearing, you can place your recording device on
the front desk at the start of class.
You have to pay careful attention. We will provide a 5 minute break at the 50 to
55 minute point. Last 20 minutes can include turning Point quiz questions.
Do not multi-task or converse during class.
Our brains work only by focusing on one cognitive task at a time.
Immunobiology:
Why Do We Want to Know?
Why Does it Matter?
What’s special about immunology and
the immune response system?
Why does Syracuse University have an
Immunology Policy?
Why did we all get this mailing here at
SU a few years ago?
See next three slides…
SU NEWS ALERT: Flu Information for the Fall Semester
August 26, 2009:
Syracuse University continues to monitor developments related to the spread of flu—both the common seasonal flu
and the H1N1 flu virus (popularly known as “swine flu”). The University’s goal is to work with all members of the
community to reduce the effects of flu and flu-like illness, while maintaining the academic mission and business
functions of the campus.
Members of SU’s multi-departmental Pandemic Flu Preparedness Task Force convene regularly on flu planning, and
task force representatives met recently with Onondaga County Health Department officials for the latest in an
ongoing dialogue.
In addition, last week the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued new guidance for colleges and
universities (http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/schools/) that is currently being reviewed by University officials for possible
modifications to the University’s flu strategies.
Widespread flu-like illness is expected over the next several months, with H1N1 flu intermingling with seasonal
(“regular”) flu during 2009-10. Based on current information from health officials, H1N1-specific testing will not be
routinely available, so it is unlikely that health professionals will know whether a specific individual with flu-like
symptoms is ill with seasonal flu or H1N1.
Based on the current behavior of H1N1 in the Southern Hemisphere, H1N1 is expected to cause mild to moderate
(rather than severe) illness in most persons infected with this virus in the United States this fall.
All students, faculty and staff are encouraged to receive the seasonal flu vaccine (a “flu shot”). Opportunities to
obtain the flu vaccine will be available on and off campus beginning in early fall and continuing while supplies last.
Information on vaccine availability will be posted on the Syracuse University Preparing for the Flu website
(http://sunews.syr.edu/h1n1flu/index.html).
When H1N1 vaccine becomes available, the University anticipates it will be administered on campus to eligible (based
on criteria established by the CDC) students. Opportunities for faculty and staff to receive the vaccine will be
available in the community.
All persons 50 years and older, and persons younger than 50 years who have certain medical
conditions, should receive the Pneumovax 23 vaccine from their health care provider (if they
have not already done so) to reduce the risk of pneumonia following infection with H1N1.
Persons who are ill with flu-like symptoms will typically be advised to stay at home or in their
residence hall room until 24 hours after fever (100 degrees Fahrenheit or 38 degrees Celsius)
symptoms abate without the aid of fever-reducing medications. Individuals with flu-like
symptoms may be advised to wear a mask when it is necessary to be in public places, such as a
dining hall.
At this time, the University does not anticipate closure or severe disruption of the academic
year due to H1N1, although planning is taking place to diminish the impact of potential
interruptions of work or services due to faculty and staff illness, the necessity for faculty and
staff to care for ill family members, and similar situations.
All members of the University community should practice good hygiene such as proper hand
washing, cough etiquette and other flu mitigation strategies. Individuals are also encouraged
to take personal responsibility for the sanitization of frequently/commonly used surfaces such
as doorknobs, keyboards, copiers, remote controls and desks within their personal living,
learning and work areas to minimize the transmission of virus. Hand sanitizing products are
available for purchase by schools/colleges/departments from Materials Distribution through
the Materials Distribution Online Ordering System (http://mdoos.syr.edu/).
In addition, students should ask instructors about class attendance policies, and faculty and
staff should work with their school/college/department to review policies regarding flexible
work, paid time off, leaves of absence, and expectations for continuity of operations and
services.
Following are contacts that are available to respond to flu-related questions on specific topics:
General health care and flu prevention: SU Health Services, 443-9005, [email protected]
On-campus residence halls and apartments: Bill Longcore, Office of Residence Life, 443-3637, [email protected]
Off-campus and commuter students: Darya Rotblat, Off-Campus and Commuter Services, 443-5489,
[email protected]
International students: Lillian and Emanuel Slutzker Center for International Services, 443-2457, [email protected]
Academic policy topics: Sandra Hurd, Academic Programs, 443-1899, [email protected]
Academic personnel topics: Kal Alston, Academic Administration, 443-5525, [email protected]
Staff human resources: Jack Matson, Human Resources, 443-5461, [email protected]
Parent/family concerns: Colleen O’Connor Bench, Parents Office, 443-1200, [email protected]
Additional information on seasonal flu and the H1N1 flu virus will be provided to the University community via email, the Web (http://sunews.syr.edu/h1n1flu/index.html) and other forms of communication as the information
becomes available.
Sincerely,
Dr. James R. Jacobs, M.D., Ph.D., FACEP
Director of University Health Services
Co-chair, Pandemic Flu Preparedness Task Force
As Complex Social Species who care for their young:
Mammalian and Avian Species could not survive and
evolve without a robust, highly specific, and finely
controlled set of immune responses
Multicellular organisms in general must recognize self
from non-self and prevent invasion by non-self
organisms or attack by molecular toxins.
Mammalian species giving live birth must have mutual
fetal-maternal tolerance, and maternal provision of
antibody protection for fetus and new-born.
Variola major small pox.
30% Death rate.
Vaccines in Human Health
Meningitis and Ear Infection
See Chapter One: Kuby Edition 7
• Overview of the Immune System
• How does it work? pp. 1 to 10
• What does it do? pp. 11 to 18
• What can go wrong? pp. 19 to 22
• Summary p. 23
• Web-sites pp. 23 & 24
• Study Questions pp. 24 & 25
• Answers to the 17 Study Questions: AN1 and AN2 after Glossary at
the end of the book.
What’s Special about the Immune Response?
What it has to do?
Distinguish pathogenic threat from symbiotic beneficial organisms,
and from non-pathogenic elements.
Distinguish Self from Non-Self.
For placental mammals: Tolerate and foster allogeneic fetus
Distinguish Normal Self from Pathological Self.
Remember what it has seen.
Turn on when needed, turn off when no longer needed.
Be controllable when we don’t want a response.
Has to work everywhere in the body (be systemic).
Has to be able to deal with cellular, tissue, and molecular targets,
so has to mobilize cellular, tissue, and molecular responses
What if those elements of the Immune
Response Don’t Work Correctly?
Failure to Recognize? Immune deficiency diseases.
Attacking Self? Allergy, hypersensitivity, auto-immunity
Failure to Distinguish Self from Altered Self:
Cancer Immune Evasion.
Failure to Remember what it has seen:
Immune-unresponsiveness; No enhanced Secondary
Immune Responses; Failure of Vaccines
Failure to Turn-off: Inflammation, Hypersensitivity
Attacking Non-Self when we want Non-self to be accepted:
Failure of Cell, Tissue, or Organ Transplants
What’s Special about the Immune Response?
How does it do what it has to do?
Cell Sociology in Metazoan Evolution
How do cells “talk” to each other from a distance?
How do the cells know where the other guys are?
How do the cells know which ones are needed and where they
are needed?
How does a complex cellular an organ system work when the
system is discontinuous?
Cell signaling in multicellular organisms
How do cells “remember” stuff?
Self and Non-Self Recognition in Biology
Species Specific Sperm and Egg Recognition
Maternal - Fetal Recognition
Kin and Group Recognition
Self-Recognition in Plants
Self-Recognition and Self-Awareness in Neurobiology
Innate Natural Immune Response
Specific-Adaptive Immune Responses
Immunity is part of self, non-self, altered-self, and
damaged-self recognition in multi-cellular organisms
Host Responses to External and
Internal Agents and Events
Vision: Ocular and Neurological Response
Air and Water-pressure Changes: Auditory Responses
Chemical concentration and identity: Olfactory Responses
Blood Pressure: Cardiovascular Response
Sexual Attraction: Hormonal Response
Avoidance Behavior: Hormonal Response
Non-Immunological Responses
Host Responses to External and
Internal Agents and Events
Distinguishing Cell, Tissue, and Molecular Self
from Non-Self
Distinguishing Normal Self from Pathological Self
Distinguishing Normal Self from Damaged Self
Distinguishing Beneficial Organism and Agents from
Pathological ones
“Remembering” pathogenic challenges
Immunological Responses
What’s Special about the Immune Response?
What it has to do?
How it does what it has to do?
How it is set up?
Questions:
Where is the heart?
Where is the liver?
Where is the digestive system?
Where is the respiratory system?
Where is the immune response system?
More Questions:
Where is the nervous system?
Where is the circulatory system?
Where is the lymphatic drainage system?
What happens if they aren’t continuous?
What’s Special about the Immune Response?
How can a discontinuous system work?
Inter-cellular communication and cell signaling:
Notions of “Biocomplexity”
Keeping a discontinuous system functioning
normally.
What can go wrong.
Immunology in Human and Animal Health
and Disease
Why do we want to know about Immunology?
What does it tells us about ourselves and about biology?
What can it do for us?
As a tool in biomedical research?
As a diagnostic and therapeutic modality in clinical and veterinary
medicine?
What can it do to us, as a source of pathology?
Immunology in Human and Animal
Health and Disease
What Can We Make
it Do For Us?
BIO 447 Immunobiology:
First Third: August 30 to Oct. 11th
What Immunology Is
What It Can Do in the Host
Beneficial
Deleterious
What Does the Immunological Response Recognize and Respond to?
What Does It Respond With?
How Can It Possibly Recognize and Respond to so Much Diversity?
KEY FEATURES OF SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY IN HISTORY
Freedom from Plague after Surviving
First Exposure
Immunity Exists
Susceptibility to Other Diseases
Even After Surviving Plague
Immunity is Specific
Deliberately Induce Small-pox to
Protect Against Later Exposure
Immunity has Memory
Induce Non-pathogenic Cow-pox to Protect
Against Virulent Small-pox (Vaccination)
Related Antigens
are Cross-Reactive
Resistance to Chicken Cholera
after Surviving Exposure to Weakened Chicken
Cholera Bacilli (Attenuated Vaccines)
Antigens can be
separated from
pathogenic features
Some Comments About What Immunology Teaches
Us About the Vulnerability of Our Civilizations and
Why We Need to Care for Each Other
History of the Second Millennium AD
Smallpox
Bubonic Plague
Cholera
Tuberculosis
Syphilus
Influenza
Pneumonia
Child-bed Fever
Polio Myelitis
Human Response to Pathobiology
and to Psychopathology
Use our socialized brain-power and 50,000 years
of experience
Learn from each other and from the past
Take care of each other.
Turning Point Question Coming Up
Please close all computers and place all cell phones,
calculators, and any other electronic devices on the
floor or out of reach.
Only the Turning Point QT, QT2, or NXT transmitter can
remain on the desk.
Non-Response
Response
Counter
To Here: Presentation 1, August 30, 2016
Phagocytic Macrophage
Turning Point Question Coming Up
Please close all computers and place all cell phones,
calculators, and any other electronic devices on the
floor or out of reach.
Only the Turning Point QT, QT2, or NXT transmitter can
remain on the desk.
Response
Counter
Non-Response
What the Immune Response Has to Do:
Recognize and respond to external pathogens.
Recognize and respond to infected cells.
Recognize and respond to transformed self (cancer) cells.
Participate in tissue remodeling and senescence.
Know where the challenge is.
Know how to mount an effective response.
Know how to get the effector response to the right place.
Respond without damaging normal cells and tissues.
Know how much response is needed.
Shut down when the response is completed.
Remember previous response and respond more quickly
effectively the next time around.
Do not react against normal self. (no autoimmunity).
Do not react against something that is in fact not a
problem until the immune responds reacts (no allergies).
Accept medically needed transplants
Infection in thumb:
That there is a peripheral challenge
It’s in the thumb!
Which thumb?
(Where the challenge is located?)
What is the challenge?
What do I need to respond with?
How do I get it there?
How much response do I need?
When should I shut it down?
What do I do if it comes back?
What if I don’t pick up the signals?
What if I get it wrong and respond incorrectly?
How is the Immune response set-up to do all of these things?
How does the immune response know where the problem is?
Cytokines, Chemokines, Receptors (Chapter 4)
See Appendix I, Pages A1 to A29, 540 CD Antigens
See Appendix II, Cytokines, Pages B1 to B6, 58 Cytokines
Appendix III, Chemokines and Receptors, p. C1, about 30 chemokines and
related receptors.
Beneficial Protective Immune Responses
Recognition and Response to External Organisms and Agents:
Antimicrobial and Anti-parasitic Immunity (Chapter 17)
Molecular Pathogens
Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Molds
Single Celled Eucaryotes
Multi-cellular Organisms
Induction of Protective Immunity: Vaccines (Chapter 17)
Recognition and Response to Internal Pathology: (Chapter 19)
Tumor Immunology
Recognition and Response to Transformed Self
Deleterious Immune Responses and
Immunopathology
Allergy and Hypersensitivity (Chapter 15)
Organ and Tissue Transplantation Rejection (Chapter 16)
Self-Reactivity: Loss of Tolerance ; Autoimmunity
(Chapter 16)
Immune Stimulation of Tumor Growth, Invasion, and
Metastasis (Chapter 19)
Immunodeficiency Diseases (Chapter 18)
• Congenital
• Acquired
Non-Specific Host Defenses,
and Non-Specific and
Specific Host Immunity
Non-Immunological Host Defenses
Innate, Natural, Non-Specific Immune Responses (Chapter 5)
Specific, Adaptive, Acquired Immune Responses (Chapter 3 and
others)
CD Antigens (Constellation of Differentiation Antigens,
see Table A1 to A29, 540 CD Antigens!)
Non-Specific Host Defenses, and
Non-Specific Immunity
Anatomical Barriers
• Skin
• Mucous Membranes; Epithelial Linings
Chemical and Physical Barriers
•
•
•
•
Temperature
pH
Enzymes, Cytokines, Chemical Mediators
Bathing fluids (e.g. eye), oils
Cellular Barriers
• Leucocytes: Neutrophils (Polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes or PMNs)
• Eosinophils, Basophils
• Monocytes & Macrophages
Non-Specific Cellular Barriers:
Innate, Natural Immune Response
Cellular Barriers
• Leucocytes: Neutrophils (Polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes
or PMNs)
• Eosinophils, Basophils
• Monocytes & Macrophages
• Dendritic Cells
• Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
Inflammatory Responses
• Enzymes, Cytokines, Chemical Mediators
• Elevated Temperature
Specific, Adaptive, Acquired Immune Response
Humoral Immunity
• Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
• Involves Cell-free, Specific Antibodies in Serum and Other Body
Fluids
• Produced by B-Cells (B-Lymphocytes or Bone-marrow Derived
Lymphocytes)
• Can use the Complement System (Chapter 6)
Cellular Immunity
• Involves Specific T-Cells (T-Lymphocytes or Thymus-derived
Lymphocytes)
• Involves Cytokines (Inter-cellular Protein Signal Molecules
Produced by Cells)
Turning Point Questions Coming Up
Please close all computers and place all cell phones,
calculators, and any other electronic devices on the
floor or out of reach.
Only the Turning Point QT, QT2, or NXT transmitter can
remain on the desk.
Non-Response
Response
Counter
Non-Response
Response
Counter
To Here: Presentation 2, Sept. 1, 2016
Properties of the Specific, Adaptive,
Acquired Immune Response
Recognizes Specific Biochemical Structures:
Antigens
Inducible by Antigen-Exposure
Exhibits Memory Response
Discriminates between Self and Non-Self
Involves Specific Cellular Responses: T-Cells
Involves Specific Humoral Responses: Antibodies
Specific, Adaptive, Acquired Immune Response
Humoral Immunity
• Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
• Involves Cell-free, Specific Antibodies in Serum and Other Body
Fluids
• Produced by B-Cells (B-Lymphocytes or Bone-marrow Derived
Lymphocytes)
• Can use the Complement System (Chapter 6)
Cellular Immunity
• Involves Specific T-Cells (T-Lymphocytes or Thymus-derived
Lymphocytes)
• Involves Cytokines (Inter-cellular Protein Signal Molecules
Produced by Cells)
Non-Specific Cellular Barriers:
Innate, Natural Immune Response
Cellular Barriers
• Leucocytes: Neutrophils (Polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes
or PMNs)
• Eosinophils, Basophils
• Monocytes & Macrophages
• Dendritic Cells
• Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
Inflammatory Responses
• Enzymes, Cytokines, Chemical Mediators
• Elevated Temperature
Non-Specific, Innate, Natural Immune Responses
(See Chapter 5)
Responds to Non-Self Cell-Surface Structures: PAMP
(Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns) including TLR’s (Toll-like Receptors).
or to the Absence of Self ("password") Signals
Non-Antigen Specific
Discriminates between Self- and Non-Self.
Less Specific than the Adaptive Immune Response.
No Immunological Memory Response.
Inherently Present; Does not have to be induced.
Can be induced by cytokines and various other agents
Uses Non-Antigen-Specific Cells and Soluble Factors in Humoral Fluids, but not
Antibodies or T-Cell Receptors
Involved in Inherent Resistance to Infectious and Neoplastic Disease
Probably to earliest form of immune response in evolution
Se Plant Innate Immunity, pages 178-179
What Does the Innate Natural Response Recognize?
Pathogen-associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) Receptors and
Toll-Like Receptors in the Innate Natural Immune Response
Figure 5-10a, 7th Edition
Innate Immune response
recognizing a pathogen
Phagocytic macrophage
ingesting mycobacterium
tuberculosum
Now What? Interaction Between Innate Natural Immune Response
And the Specific Adaptive Immune Response
T-Helper Cell
Macrophage-Helper-T-Cell Interaction
Macrophage activated by pathogen recognition,
phagocytosis, destruction of pathogen, and presentation of
antigens to T-Helper Cell of Specific Adaptive Immunity
Interaction Between Natural Immunity
and Specific Adaptive Immune Response
Innate Immunity
PMN = Polymorpho-nuclear Leucocytes (“Polymorphs”) = Neutrophils,
Basophils, & Eosinophils (lobular nucleus)
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity
MHC = Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule
Humoral and Cell-mediated Specific Adaptive Immunity
Innate Immunity and Specific Adaptive Immunity
Walking along the Quad.
See people running out of a building.
This is unusual. Something it wrong (Pattern Recognition).
Smell smoke. Think “Fire” (Pathogen associated molecular receptors).
Run in and grab a fire extinguisher. (effector response)
Not good enough. Recognize this is Bowne Hall-Chemistry Building.
Don’t know where they store flammable solvents.
Don’t know where the peroxides, azides, and other explosives are.
Call 911.
Professional Fire-Fighters Arrive.
They know this is the Chemistry Building.
They have details of the lay-out.
They have special equipment for managing chemical and electrical fires.
This is not the first time they have responded to the Chemistry Building.
They put out the fire.
They don’t set up a back-fire or burn the building down to contain the
original fire. (Don’t over-react)
Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Innate
Adaptive
Turning Point Questions Coming Up
Please close all computers and place all cell phones,
calculators, and any other electronic devices on the
floor or out of reach.
Only the Turning Point QT, QT2, or NXT transmitter can
remain on the desk.
Response
Counter
Non-Response
Response
Counter
Non-Response
The Specific Adaptive
Immune Response and
Clonal Selection, Expansion,
and Memory
Membrane-bound Antibodies
& T-Cell Receptors
See Figure 1-5, p. 11
Kuby 4th Edition
Clonal Generation, Antigen Selection, Expansion
Turning Point Question Coming Up
Please close all computers and place all cell phones,
calculators, and any other electronic devices on the
floor or out of reach.
Only the Turning Point QT, QT2, or NXT transmitter can
remain on the desk.
Non-Response
Response
Counter
Cellular and Non-Cellular
Components for the
Immune Response
Morphology and Staining
Characteristics of
Blood Cells
Kuby, 3rd Edition
Figure 3-1
CellMorf
Hematopoiesis:
Where blood cells
come from and what
they look like.
Vaccines in Human Health
Meningitis and Ear Infection
Influenza: Types A, B, and C
What Is Type A Flu Virus?
Type A flu or influenza A viruses are capable of infecting people as well as animals;
although it is more common for people to suffer the ailments associated with this type
of flu. Wild birds commonly act as the hosts for this flu virus.
Type A flu virus is constantly changing and is generally responsible for the large flu
epidemics.
What Is Type B Flu Virus?
Unlike type A flu viruses, type B flu is found only in humans. Type B flu may cause a less
severe reaction than type A flu virus, but occasionally, type B flu can still be extremely
harmful. Influenza type B viruses are not classified by subtype and do not
cause pandemics.
How Is Type C Flu Virus Different From the Others?
Influenza C viruses are also found in people. They are, however, milder than either type
A or B. People generally do not become very ill from the influenza type C viruses. Type C
flu viruses do not cause epidemics.
What’s the Big-Deal About “H5N1” or “H7N9”?
H =Hemagglutinin variant
N = Neuraminidase variant
Different isoforms of proteins and enzymes needed for Viral
attachment to target cells entry into the cells and for viral release
from infected cells.
Are present on viral envelop .
Are specific antigens that can generate a protective immune
response if the antibodies are present ahead of time.
Basis for specific prophylatic vaccines
(Prophylactic = protective, preventative rather than therapeutic)
Influenza Virus:
Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase
Hemagglutinin
• Agglutinates (Clumps) Red Blood
Cells
• Involved in virus attachment and
penetration and fusion of viral
membrane with cellular
membrane
• There are 15 types of
hemagglutinin
• Antibodies against
Hemgglutinins are important for
immunity to flu.
Neuraminidase
• Penetrates through mucous
epithelium
• Facilitates release of virions
from infected cells by cleaving
sialic acids residues and
preventing aggregation
• There are nine types of
neuraminidase
• Vaccines against flu are
characterized by immunity to
different Hemgglutinins and
Neuraminidases.
Rite Aid Immunization Card
Rite Aid Screening Questionnaire and Consent Form
HPV = Human Papilloma Virus
Pneumococcal = Pneumonia
Hib = ?
Meningococcal = Menigitis
IPV = ?
DPT = Diphtheria, Pertussis (Whooping cough), Tetanus
Varicella = Chicken Pox (Varicella Zoster) ?
Vaccines We Don’t Have:
Malaria World-wide: 2010
Caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasite
Transmitted by Mosquito vector
Infected:
Killed:
220,000,000 (assume at any one time?)
660,000 (of those infected?)
Mostly children
Experimental vaccines use immature form of Plasmodium
falciparum (sporozoite)
See Science, 9 August 2013, p.605, Vol. 341
Re-emergence of Infectious Measles Cases
in Texas: Refusal of Vaccination
Comments on “Herd Immunity”
Merck Introduction of Keytruda
For Malignant Melanoma
Sept. 6, 2014
Wall-Street Journal
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BUSINESS
FDA Approves Merck's New-Wave Cancer Drug
New Treatment, Which Costs $150,000 a Year, Is Aimed at Bolstering the Body's Immune System
By PETER LOFTUS
Updated Sept. 4, 2014 6:12 p.m. ET
Merck receives U.S. regulatory approval to sell its new cancer drug, which the company plans to
sell under the brand name Keytruda. Merck
U.S. regulators on Thursday approved a new kind of cancer drug from Merck & Co. that is designed to unleash the
body's immune system against tumors. The drug is part of a long-anticipated wave of medicines that could transform
cancer treatment and forge a large new market for pharmaceutical companies.
The Food and Drug Administration cleared the drug, pembrolizumab, for the treatment of a deadly form of skin
cancer, melanoma. The approval followed a swift review of data from a relatively early-stage human trial—an unusual
move reflecting the medical community's keen interest in pembrolizumab. Merck plans to
Innate Natural Immunity and Systemic Sepsis:
NOVA Video on Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis,
Endotoxin, and Systemic Sepsis)
Killer Disease on Campus
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/meningitis/
Has video links to steps in meningococcal sepsis
“Amy’s Story”
and related NOVA Stories
From Stem Cell Technologies Wall-Chart on Hematopoietic and NonHematopoietic Stem Cells