Transcript - ISpatula

Blood and Body Fluids
Ref: Ref: Tortora, 14th 661-685, 10231037. 13th ed: 728-756, 1110-1118. 12th
ed. 690-711, 1063-1068. 11th ed 667688, 1037-1045.
Fig. 27.01
BLOOD
Physical and Chemical
characteristics of blood
• Specific gravity: (1.050-1.060)
• Viscosity: whole blood relative viscosity (4~5)
Plasma relative viscosity (1.6~2.4) is mainly
determined by plasma protein
• Osmolarity is 300 mOsmol/L
• Colloid osmotic pressure results from
albumin and regulates water distribution
between inside and outside of capillary.
• Plasma pH is about 7.35~7.45,
Functions of Blood
- Transport of nutrients, gases, hormones
and waste materials.
- Regulation of pH and body temperature.
- Protection of the body by the activity of
white blood cells and protection from
blood loss after injury by the activity of
platelets and clotting factors.
Plasma
Fig.19.01
Chemical components of
plasma
H 2O
90 - 91%
Plasma Composition
• Water: > 90%
• Small molecule: 2%, it is electrolytes,
nutriment, metabolic products,
hormone, enzymes, etc.
• Protein: 60-80 g/L, plasma protein
include albumin (40-50 g/L)(54%),
globulin (20-30 g/L,α1-, α2, β-, γ- )
(38%)and fibrinogen (7%). Most of
albumin and globulin made from liver.
Function of Plasma Protein
- Transportation,
- Nutrition,
- Forming colloid osmotic pressure,
- Coagulation and anticoagulation,
- Buffer systems to keep blood pH.
- Immunity (globulin)
Function of Plasma Protein
- Importance of colloid osmotic pressure:
Function of Plasma Protein
- Transportation,
- Nutrition,
- Forming colloid osmotic pressure,
- Coagulation and anticoagulation,
- Buffer systems to keep blood pH.
- Immunity (globulin)
Cellular Elements
Fig.19.01
Fig. 19.03
RED BLOOD CELLs
RBCs
Fig.19.02
Functions of RBCs
• Transport of O2
• Transport of CO2 (23%)
• Transport of NO
Fig. 19.04
Formation of RBCs
(Erythropoiesis)
RBCs life Cycle
Life span 120 days
Anemia
• Decreased O2 delivery to tissues
• Results by:
- Deficiency of Fe++, Vitamine B12, Folic
acid.
- Increased Destruction or loss of RBCs:
Hemorrhage, Hemolytic anemia.
- Decrease production of RBCs: Aplastic
anemia, Renal diseases, …etc
Blood parameters related to RBCs
• RBCs Count:
4.8X106 – 5.4x106 /mm3 or µl.
• Hematocrit (HCt): Packed Cells Volume (PCV)=
(45%).
• MCV= Mean Corpuscular Volume.
• Hb= 12-14g/dl. (g/100ml).
• MCHb = Mean Corpuscular Hb.
• MCHbC= Mean Corpuscular Hb Concentration.
White BLOOD CELL
WBCs
Fig. 19.03
Fig. 19.07
Classification and WBCs Counts
• Total WBCs = 5.000-10.000 /mm3 or microliter.
• Granular:
– Neutrophils = 55-70%
– Eosinophils = 1-2%
– Basophils = 0.5-1%
• Agranular:
– Monocytes: 5-8%
– Lymphocytes: 25-30%
Characteristics of WBCs
Diapedesis and Chemotaxis
Granular Cells
Neutrophils
Represent 55-70% of
WBCs. These cells kill
bacteria by
Phagocytosis.
Their number is
increased in bacterial
infection (known as
Neutrophilia).
Eosinophils
Represent 1-2% of
WBCs. These cells are
important during
parasitic infection
and allergic reaction.
Their number is
increased during
these conditions
(Eosinophilia).
Basophils
Represent 0.5-1% of
WBCs. Their function
is not well understood.
Releasing Histamine and
Heparin. It is believed
that these cells reside
tissue to form MAST
cells.
Agranular Cells
Monocytes
-Represent about 5-8% of
WBCs.
-Function: engulf and kill
bacteria (Phagocytosis)
-After 72 hours in blood
these cells reside in
tissue to form
macrophages
Lymphocytes
- Represent about 25-30%
of WBCs.
-Some are programmed to
provide specific defense
against targets.
-Function according to
type.
Types of Lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes:
Cytotoxic : destroy cells
infected by viruses
and cancer cells.
Helper T cells: help
other cells to perform
their defense
functions.
- Suppressor T cells:
reduce activity of
immune cells.
- Memory T cells: have
importance in long term
immunity. (cellular
mediated immunity)
Types of Lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes:
important function in antibody mediated
immunity by producing antibodies.
Defense Mechanisms
- None specific Defense mechanism.
- First line: Mechanical and chemical
barrier (Skin and Mucosa, Secretions).
- Second line:
- Natural Killer (Lymphocytes)
release chemicals cytolytic effects.
- Phagocytes (Neutrophils and
Macrophages) destruction by
phagolysosoms.
Defense Mechanisms
- Inflammation:
Stages:
- Vasodilation  Redness, Edema, Heat
at the site of inflammation.
- Emigration of Phagocytes (Diapedesis)
 inflamed tissue (Neutrophils and
monocytes)
- Repair of damaged tissue.
Defense Mechanisms
- Specific Defense mechanism.
1- Cell mediated immunity
2- Humoral Mediated immunity (Ab)
Specific Defense Mechanisms
1- Cell mediated
immunity
Specific Defense Mechanisms
1- Cell mediated
immunity
T-cells activation
- Effector T cells
- Memory T cells
Types of Lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes:
Cytotoxic : destroy cells
infected by viruses
and cancer cells.
Helper T cells: help
other cells to perform
their defense
functions. (Targets of
HIV virus)
- Suppressor T cells:
reduce activity of
immune cells.
- Memory cells: have
importance in long term
immunity. (cellular
mediated immunity)
Specific Defense Mechanisms
2- Humoral mediated
immunity
B-cells by activation 
-Plasma cells
(Secreting Ab)
-Memory Cells.
Antibodies (Ab)
Immunoglobulins
Specific Defense Mechanisms
Antibody actions
Antibody acts to disable the
activity of antigens by:
- Neutralization of
antigen.
- Immobilization of
bacteria.
- Agglutination and
precipitation of
antigens.
- Activation of
complement system,
which ends in
bacterial lysis.
- Enhancement of
phagocytosis.
Memory B Cells Function