Transcript Unit G: Hematology - Catawba County Schools

Unit G: Hematology
Explain the structure of the blood.
Analyze the function of the blood.
Discuss characteristics and treatments of
common blood disorders
Assignment
• Find in your packet the page titled Blood
Anticipation Guide. Read the
instructions carefully! Complete.
Bell/Payday!
• List the functions of the Blood!
• Goals: Explain structures of the blood
»Analyze the functions of the
blood
»Discuss characteristics and
treatment of common blood
disorders
• Average adult = 8-10 pints of blood
• Functions:
• Transports nutrients, oxygen, cellular
waste products, and hormones
• Aids in distribution of heat
• Regulates acid-base balance
• Helps protect against infection
Ha! Ha!
• Why did the blonde nurse take a red
magic marker to work?
So she could draw blood!
I just had to tell you that one I heard the
other day. Funny, even if I am blonde(
sometimes)!!
• PLASMA – liquid portion of blood without
cellular components
• Serum – plasma after a blood clot is
formed
• Cellular elements are
red cells, white cells, and platelets
PLASMA
• Straw colored,
contains –
• Water
• Blood proteins
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Plasma proteins:
FIBRONOGEN – necessary for
blood clotting, synthesized in the
liver
ALBUMIN – from the liver, helps
maintain blood’s osmotic pressure
and volume
PROTHROMBIN – a globulin
which helps blood coagulate.
Vitamin K necessary for
prothrombin synthesis.
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Hormones, vitamins, enzymes
Bell
• Complete the 2nd ½ of Blood anticipation
guide
• List all functions of blood
• …when you finish come show me your
work!
Read page 243
• The first person to write down and show
me ( in medical/scientific terms) what do
smarties and RBC’s have in common wins
a prize!
Bell
• What % of blood is Plasma?
• What % of blood is formed ?
• What is in formed?
ERYTHROCYTES
• Shape = biconcave discs
• HEMOGLOBIN – gives
red color, heme is iron
and globin is protein.
• Function = transports
oxygen to tissues and
carbon dioxide away from
cells
• Normal – men =14-18
gm, women = 12-16 gm
Function of Hemoglobin
• Red cells travel through the lungs where
• O2 is carried to tissues and released
• CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs
for exchange
Arterial blood – lots of oxygen =
bright red
Oxyhemiglobin-bright red color
Venous blood – lots of CO2 = dark
crimson
Carbiminohemiglobin-crimson blue
What is carbon monoxide
poisoning?
Hemoglobin readily accepts carbon monoxide - even over the life
giving oxygen atoms (as much as 200 times as readily as oxygen)
forming a toxic compound known as carboxyhemoglobin (COHb).
By replacing oxygen with carbon monoxide in our blood, our
bodies poison themselves by cutting off the needed oxygen to
our organs and cells, causing various amounts of damage depending on exposure.
red blood cells………..
• ERYTHROPOIESIS
– Manufacture of red blood cells
– Occurs in bone marrow
• Red cells live 120 days
• Old cells broken down by the spleen and liver
• HEMOLYSIS – rupture or bursting of
erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or
disease.
• Page 148 workbook A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Bell
• Complete “b” from page 153-154…”I Am
the Red Blood Cell” This has been copied
and is in your packets!
Bell
• Page 148-149 workbook A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Bell….
• Define the function of a Leukocyte
Leukocytes-Defends body from injury and disease
Larger than erythrocytes
5 types
Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800
Types of White Cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
http://science.howstuffworks.com/immune-system10.htm
Leukocytes are divided into two
classes:
• Granulocytes - grainules
• Agrainulocytes without grainules
• Classification is due to the presence of
cytoplasmic grainules & a reaction of a
Wright Stain
1/2/4 discussion…45 second time
limit
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Granulocytes
Agrainulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
- Granulocytes make up 50% to 60% of all leukocytes.
Granulocytes are themselves divided into three classes:
neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.
Granulocytes get their name because
they contain 30% to 40% of all leukocytes. Lymphocytes
come in two classes: B cells (those that mature in bone
marrow) and T cells (those that mature in the thymus).
Neutraphils-Immune defense
(phagocytosos
Eosinophils- Defense against parasites
Basophils- Inflamatory response.
Histamine. Produce HEPARIN – an
anticoagulant
Agranulocytes
2 divisions
Monocyte – Formed in the bone marrow
and spleen, Monocytes protect against
blood-borne pathogens. Assist in
phagocytosis. Move quickly to sites of
infection in the tissues.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/immune-system10.htm
Lymphocyte - Lymphocytes make up up
7% or so of all leukocytes. A lymphocyte is
a type of white blood cell involved in the
human body's immune system.
T-lymphocyte from thymus
B-lymphocyte formed in bone marrow.
Classes of Blood Cells
• Erythrocytes-Oxygen
and carbon Dioxide
trandsport
• Neutraphils-Immune
defense
(phagocytosos)
• Eosinophils- Defense
against parasites
• Basophils- Inflamatory
response. Histamine.
Produce HEPARIN – an
anticoagulant
• B-lymphocytesAntibody production
• T- lymphocytes
Cellular Immune
response
• Monocytes-Immune
defense (phagocytosos)
• Platelets-Blood
clotting
Bell
• Define phagocytosis
PHAGOCYTOSIS
• – process when
white cells
surround, engulf,
and digest harmful
bacteria. .All
leukocytes except
Lymphocytes
can…..
•
DIAPEDESIS
• – when white cells LEUKOCYTES move
through capillary wall into neighboring
tissue.
Leukocytes are divided into two
classes:
• Granulocytes -
grainules (Megablasts)-origin Red
Bone Marrow
• Neutraphils-Immune
defense (phagocytosos)
Eosinophils- Defense
against parasites, increase
with alergic reactions
.(phagocytosos)
• Basophils- Inflamatory
response. Histamine.
Produce HEPARIN – an
anticoagulant
Agranulocytes
2 divisions
1) Monocyte – Formed in the
bone marrow and spleen,
Monocytes protect against
blood-borne pathogens.
Assist in phagocytosis. Move
quickly to sites of infection in
the tissues.
• 2) Lymphocyte Lymphocytes make up up 7%
or so of all leukocytes. A
lymphocyte is a type of
white blood cell involved in
the human body's immune
system.
– T-lymphocyte from thymus
– B-lymphocyte formed in
bone marrow.
• Body’s reaction to chemical or
physical trauma
• PATHOGENIC – disease
producing microorganisms can
cause inflammation
• Symptoms – redness, local
heat, swelling and pain
• Why? Bacterial toxins,
increased blood flow,
collection of plasma in tissues
(edema)
• HISTAMINE increases the
blood flow to the injured area
Why do we need LEUKOCYTES??
Define @ top of 3rd pg of outline
• PUS produced – a
combination of dead tissue,
dead and living bacteria, dead
leukocytes and plasma
• ABSCESS – pus-filled cavity
below the epidermis
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PYREXIA – increase in body
temperature by the hypothalamus
– in response to pathogenic
invasion
LEUKOCYTOSIS – increase in
the number of white cells in
response to infection
LEUKOPENIA – decrease in
number of white cells due to
chemotherapy or radiation
Workbook page 153-154
E,F,G(ck pkt)
Worksheet Top ½ “The Blood”
Bell/payday
• If you missed any portion of class
yesterday, see me!
• Complete…..Workbook G page 156already copied in pkt!
• Workbook E, F
Career exploration
(Name of career, Area of speculation, work environment, Academic
requirements, Salary range, Educational programs
)
• Choose One…
• Clinical Laboratory Scientist ( medical
technologist )
• Clinical Laboratory Technician ( Med. Lab. Tech)
• Phlebotomist
• Hematologist
• Biomedical Scientist
• Any other ideas??
Bell
• Workbook 149 answer 7 and 8
THROMBOCYTES
(Platelets)
Smallest of solid components of blood
Synthesized in red marrow
Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytes
Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process
250,000 to 450,000 per ml.
COAGULATION
• Cut or injury  platelets and injured tissue
release THROMBOPLASTIN  act on
PROTHROMBIN in plasma  + Calcium ions
converts to THROMBIN  the thrombin acts as
an enzyme and changes FIBRINOGEN 
FIBRIN creating a mesh that traps red blood
cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot.
• See Transparency
Clotting….
ANTICOAGULANTS – prevent blood clotting
HEPARIN = antiprothrombin
PROTHROMBIN – dependent on Vitamin K
W/B H (already in Pkt)
Word bank pg 154
Complete
(worksheet) Functions of Blood Cells
• Quick review…
• Plasma-Straw colored,
contains: Water, Blood proteins
• Erythrocytes-Function =
transports oxygen to tissues
and carbon dioxide away from
cells
• Leukocytes-Defends body
from injury and disease
• Platelets- initiation of the
blood clotting process
Bell
• Name the 4 blood types
Are you my type?
• Four major types of blood- A, B, AB and O
• Inherited from parents
• Determined by presence or absence of an
ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood
cell
Example-Type A blood has antigen A
• Type O has neither Antigen A or B
BLOOD TYPES
• ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign
substance that enters the body.
• Someone with type A blood has b antibodies
• Someone with type B blood has a antibodies
• Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies
• Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies
• UNIVERSAL DONOR – O
• UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – AB
• See poster
Blood Simulated Transfusion
Compatibility
Blood Type of Patient Donor
Person receiving blood Group A
Group A
Group B
Group AB
Group O
Donor
Group B
Donor
Group AB
Donor
Group O
Step 1:
Label paper cups with Group A,
Group B, Group AB, Group O. Label
Step 6: Rinse the Patient cup. Add
liquid from Group B
to the Patient cup.
The empty cup patient.
Step 2::
Fill four cups about 2/3 full with
water.
Leave the fifth cup empty
Step 3: Add red color to cup A, blue to cup B,
Step 7: Repeat step 5 using “blood”
from the Group B cup.
Step 8: Repeat step 6
and equal amounts of red and blue to cup AB;
do not add food coloring to cup O
Step 9: Repeat step 5 using “blood”
from the Group AB cup.
Step 4: Pour a small amount of liquid from cup B
into
Step 10: Repeat step 6
Patient cup. Patient now has that type of blood.
Step 5: Using a medicine dropper, transfer “blood”
from
Group A to Patient cup. Did the color change in
patient cup? Record your findings as either safe
or unsafe.
Step 11: Repeat step 5 using liquid
from the Group O cup
Step 12: Which “blood” groups can
safely give blood to
the patient who had Group B blood?
Key..next slideAs Long as liquid does
NOT change color=safe!
As long as the liquid in the
patient cup does not change
color the transfussion is safe!
Blood Type of Patient
Recipient
Group A
Group B
Group AB
Group O
Donor
Group A
safe
unsafe
safe
unsafe
Donor
Group B
unsafe
safe
safe
unsafe
Donor
Group AB
unsafe
unsafe
safe
unsafe
Donor
Group O
safe/emerg
safe/emerg
safe
safe
Classwork/homework
• Blood typing study guide
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Determining a person's blood type is very important if she becomes pregnant. Blood
cells from the unborn baby (fetal red blood cells) can cross over into the mother's
bloodstream, especially at delivery. If the mother and her baby have compatible blood
types, the crossover does not present any danger. However, if the blood types are
incompatible, the mother's immune system manufactures antibodies against the baby's
blood.
Usually, this incompatibility is not a factor in a first pregnancy, because few fetal blood
cells reach the mother's bloodstream until delivery. The antibodies that form after
delivery cannot affect the first child. In later pregnancies, fetuses and babies may be in
grave danger. The danger arises from the possibility that the mother's antibodies will
attack the fetal red blood cells. If this happens, the fetus or baby can suffer severe
health effects and may die.
Are you positive???
•
• Red cells also may
contain Rh factor
• If you have it, you’re Rh +
• If you don’t, you’re Rh –
•
Another blood typing
system, discovered in
1939, is called the Rh
blood group. The Rh
comes from Rhesus
monkeys on which the
tests were first run.
About 85% of our
population is positive
for the Rh factor, and
the remainder is Rhnegative.
• RHO gam given to RH
neg . mothers
BBLOOD TYPE REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.
Mrs. Payne’s blood type is O positive. Her husband’s type is O negative. Her
newborn baby’s blood type is O negative. Is there any need for concern with this combination?
2.
You hear that your friend has been in a car accident and needs a blood transfusion;
you want to donate blood. Your friend has type O+ blood and you have A+ blood. Can yourblood
be given to your friend? Explain the reason for your answer.
3.
Ms. Pratt is claiming the Mr. X is the father of her child. Ms. Pratt’s blood type is O
negative. Her baby boy has type A positive blood. Mr. X’s blood is typed and found to be B
positive. Could he be the father of her child? _______ If not, what blood type would the father be
expected to have?
4.
A patient comes to the doctor’s office. She is pregnant and
states she is Rh
negative and her husband is Rh positive.
She has heard that there may be a problem
with the baby. Explain to her about the Rh factor and how this situation is taken care of today.
Bottom 1?2 “The Blood”
BLOOD TYPING STUDY GUIDE
1.
2.
Define antigen.
Define antibody.
ABO Blood System
1.
Name and differentiate the four main blood types.
2.
Describe the reaction that occurs when the body is exposed
3.
What two reactions will occur if a person receives a
4.
5.
6.
7.
What test must be done before anyone can receive a transfusion?
Define donor and recipient.
What are universal donors?
How did the Rh factor get its name?
to antigens that are not in their blood.
transfusion of blood with antigens that do not match.
8.
Describe the reactions that occurs when an Rh negative person receives Rh negative blood.
9.
How can the Rh factor be dangerous in pregnancies.
Complete Bottom ½ The Blood”
Bell/Pay Day
• You have approximately 10 index cards…
• Write the name of the disorder (see your
outline) on one side & description on the
other
• Complete L & M in workbook, page 157
• When you have done all….see me for a
copy of the test to study!
Cord Blood
• Umbilical cord blood from a newborn is
important in research because….
• Cord blood has immunity producing stem
cells, is easy to transplant and does on
cause rejection
DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD
• ANEMIA
• Deficiency in number or % of red cells
• IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• Usually in women, children and adolescents
• Deficiency of iron in the diet causing insufficient hemoglobin
synthesis
• Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables
• APLASTIC ANEMIA
• Bone marrow does not produce enough red and white blood cells
• Caused by drugs or radiation therapy
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
• Chronic blood disease inherited from both
parents
• Causes the red cells to form in abnormal
sickle shape
• Sickle cells break easily and carry less
oxygen
• Occurs primarily in blacks
• Treatment – blood transfusions
DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD
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POLYCYTHEMIA
Too many red blood cells are formed
May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude
EMBOLISM
Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried by the bloodstream until it
reaches an artery too small for passage
Also known as a “moving blood clot”
THROMBOSIS
The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel
The blood clot is a THROMBUS
HEMATOMA
Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space.
Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture
DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD
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HEMOPHILIA
Hereditary
Missing clotting factor
Blood clots slow or abnormally
Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mothers to sons
Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma
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THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Not enough platelets
Blood will not clot properly
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LEUKEMIA
Malignant condition
Overproduction of immature white blood cells
Hinders synthesis of red cells
• http://www.cbsnews.com/sections/sunday/main3445
.shtml?source=vanityurl/
Create Questions to play Jeopardy
Jepardy Groups
1) Anemia-Sink side
2) Embolisms-Podium Row
3) Hemophilia-Middle tables
4) Leukemia-Clock row
5) Thrombocytopenia-computer row
Create 5 questions from your topic.
One side write topic
other side write question AND ANSWER!
On the end rank question by difficulty: 100-500
bell
• Workbook 157 L
8.Platelets are cell fragments that function in coagulation.
9. The enzyme that activates fibrin during clotting is called thrombin.
10. Albumin is a plasma protein that carries bilirubin.
11. Capillary exchange at the arterial end is driven by blood pressure.
12. Capillary exchange at the venous end is driven by osmosis.
13. A foreign substance that stimulates the immune system to react is called a/an antigen.
14. In the ABO blood typing system, the universal blood donor is type O.
15. The color of deoxyhemoglobin is dark blue/purple.
16. Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to decreased arterial oxygen levels.
Short Answer.
16. Name 3 functions of blood.
1. Transport - nutrients, wastes, hormones
2. Protection - fluid loss & disease
3. Regulation - fluid, ion, and pH balance & heat distribution
17. If a person suffers from carbon monoxide poisoning, why is removing the person from the source of carbon monoxide not sufficient to revive them? Carbon
monoxide binds to hemoglobin 200X more tightly than oxygen, and will remain bound for many hours which renders those red blood cells useless in
carrying oxygen.
18. Name 4 general differences between erythrocytes and leukocytes.
1. Mature erythrocytes do not have a nucleus, leukocytes do.
2. Erythrocytes have hemoglobin, leukocytes do not.
3. Leukocytes are much bigger than erythrocytes.
4. Erythrocytes are normally confined to the blood vessels, leukocytes are highly mobile and move out into the tissues.
19. Name the two types of lymphocytes and their functions.
1. B lymphocytes - produce antibodies
2. T lymphocytes - directly destroy antigens
20. Name three types of plasma proteins and their functions.
1. Albumin - carries bilirubin
2. Lipoproteins - carry cholesterol
3. Globulins - fight infection
21. What is the function of lymphatic capillaries? To collect excess tissue fluid remaining after capillary exchange and return it to the circulatory system
- helps maintain normal blood volume and blood pressure.
22. In the ABO blood-typing system, what blood type is considered the universal recipient? Why? Type AB, because an individual with type AB blood
would not have antibodies to either A or B antigens as it carries both types of antigens. Therefore, none of the other blood types would be
recognized as foreign.
23. Name two organs that remove aged red blood cells from circulation. What happens to the hemoglobin in these cells? Liver and
spleen. Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin. Globin is further broken down into its component amino acids,
which are recycled by the body. Heme is broken down and excreted as the bile pigments, bilirubin and biliverdin. (The Billy
Brothers!)
Extra Credit: If an Rh negative mother is pregnant with an Rh positive baby, how can hemolytic disease of the baby be prevented?
If an Rh positive mother is pregnant with an Rh negative baby, how can hemolytic disease be prevented?
To Be Continued
Bell
• Answer review questions on page
255/256(new) 235/236(OLD)