Transcript Hematology
Hematology= hemat-blood ology-study of Average adult has 8-10 pints (45 quarts) of blood in their body. Blood One drop of blood contains: 5 million RBCs 250,000-500,000 platelets 7,500 WBCs Red blood cells live 120 days. Make new blood cells 2 million per second! Functions Transports nutrients, oxygen, cellular waste products, and hormones. Aids in distribution of heat. Regulates acid-base balance. Helps protect against infection. Composition Plasma – liquid portion of blood without cellular components. Serum Plasma after a blood clot is formed. Composition Cellular elements are red cells, white cells and platelets Plasma Straw colored and contains: Water Blood proteins Nutrients Electrolytes Hormones, vitamins, enzymes Metabolic waste products Plasma Fibrinogen Albumin Prothrombin Necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in the liver. From the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume. A globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis Erythrocytes Shape = biconcave discs Hemoglobin- gives red color, heme is iron globin is protein, Function – transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells Normal – men 14-18 gm Women – 12-16 gm Function of hemoglobin Red cells travel through the lungs where O2+hemoglobin oxyhemoglobin O2 is carried to tissues and released CO2 picked up and carried back to the lungs for exchange. Arterial blood – lots of oxyhemoglobin = bright red Venous blood – lots of CO2 = dark crimson. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning CO is a colorless odorless tasteless gas that is commonly produced by fire, automobiles exhaust, and space heaters. CO interferes with the delivery of O2 in the blood. O2 is crowded out of the hemoglobin, eventually depriving cells of their oxygen supply and can be fatal. Erythrocytes Erythropoiesis Manufacture of red blood cells. Occurs in bone marrow. Red cells live 120 days. Old cells broken down by the spleen and liver. Hemolysis Rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease. Erythropoiesis Hemolysis White Blood Cells Leukocytes Larger than erythrocytes Granular or agranular 5 types Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800 Diapedesis- when WBC have the ability to squeeze through the intercellular spaces of capillary walls to fight infection in neighboring tissues. Types of White Cells… Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Granuloccyte formed in the bone marrow Phagocytize bacteria Granulocyte Formed in the bone marrow Increase in numbers in allergic conditions, malaria and in worm infestation. Produce heparin an anti-coagulant Granulocyte Count increases during chronic inflammation and during healing from infection. Agranulocyte absence of cytoplasmic granules formed in lymph glands, nodes and bone marrow. Blymphocytes and T-lymphocyte Protect against cancer cells. White Blood Cells cont. Lymphocytes Monocytes Agranulocyte absence of cytoplasmic granules formed in lymph glands, nodes and bone marrow. Blymphocytes and Tlymphocyte Protect against cancer cells. Assist in phagocytosis leave blood vessels and attach themselves to tissues, during infection they help to wall off and isolate the infected area Agranulocyte Leukocytes Phagocytosis – process when white cells surround engulf, and digest harmful bacteria. Inflammation Start Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma. Pus produced a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma Histamine increases the blood flow to the injured area. Symptoms – Pathogenic redness, local heat, swelling and pain disease Why? Bacterial producing toxins, increase microorganisms blood flow, can cause collection of inflammation. plasma in tissues – edema. Inflammation Inflammation Cont. Abscess Pus-filled cavity below the epidermis. Pyrexia Increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus in response to pathogenic invasion Leukocytosis Increase in the number of white cells in response to infection Leukopenia Decrease in number of white cells due to chemotherapy or radiation Thrombocytes Smallest of solid components of blood Synthesized in red marrow Not cells; fragments of megakaryocytes Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process Thrombocytes Coagulation Cut or injuryplatelets and injured tissue release Thromboplastinact on Prothrombin in plasma+ Calcium ions converts to Thrombinthe thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes FibrinogenFibrin creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot. Coagulation Cont. Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting Heparin= anti-prothrombin Prothrombin= dependent on Vitamin K Test your gray matter… Leukocytes have the ability to squeeze through the intercellular spaces of capillary walls to fight infection in neighboring tissues. This process is called? Diapedesis What condition exists when O2 is crowded out of the hemoglobin ,eventually depriving cells of their O2 supply, that is sometimes fatal? Carbon Monoxide poisoning When there is inflammation in the body, chemical substances travel to the hypothalamus, causing the body temperature to increase. What is the medical term for this condition? Pyrexia The liquid portion of the blood without cellular components is called: Plasma Which of the following is not a plasma protein? Hemoglobin, fibrinogen, albumin or globulin Hemoglobin What are two important electrolytes found in blood plasma? NACL and K+ What type of blood is bioconcave and shaped somewhat like a donut? Erythrocyte Hemoglobin is composed of: Which of the following is an example of a leukocyte? Platelet, Prothrombin, Neutrophil, Antibody The main function of leukocytes is to: The main function of erythrocytes is to: Fight infection Carry oxygen The medical term for platelet is: The average adult usually carries how many quarts of blood? Thrombocyte Protein and iron 5-6 What type of blood cell can be granular, agranular, translucent or ameboid in shape? Leukocyte Erythrocytes contain all of the following elements EXCEPT: The RH factor, Phagocytosis, Hemoglobin, Oxyhemoglobin Phagocytosis Fibrinogen and prothrombin are blood proteins that are necessary for: Blood Clotting WBC destroy bacteria by surrounding, engulfing, and digesting the bacteria. What is the process called? Phagocytosis Why is arterial blood bright red? Which of the following statements about prothrombin is NOT true? It is a part of the clotting process It is dependent on Vit. K, It is manufactured in the liver, It is the smallest of the blood cells Because they carry oxyhemoglobin It is the smallest of the blood cells