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Transcript mediated response Cell

登革熱 (dengue )
• 又名骨痛病或天狗熱,為一種流行性熱病,
主要分佈於熱帶、亞熱帶地區,溫帶亦常
有發現。本病之病原為一種節肢動物傳染
之B群濾過性病(Group B Arbovirus),有四
個明顯之血清型(Dl,D2,D3,D4),主要
由蚊蟲在人與人之間傳播,病媒蚊以斑蚊
屬(Aedes)為主。在台灣此屬則有十種之多。
埃及斑蚊及白線斑蚊
• 在台灣地區,媒介登革熟之病媒蚊主要為埃及斑蚊及白線
斑蚊,前者分佈於北緯24“50‘以南之地區及澎湖,主要在
嘉義縣布袋鎮以南,尤其是沿海地帶及大河流之流域;後
者則在普遍發生,主要為1,000公尺以下地區。
• 埃及斑蚊之主要發生地為家屋內外盛水之各種容器,屋內
貯存井水之水缸為最易發生之場所。此種蚊蟲之飛翔距離
不大,至多為25公尺左右。白天在屋內或野外蔭暗處吸血。
• 白線斑蚊其幼蟲之發生場所主要是在防火用水甕、水桶,
水槽,而附有蓋子之裝水容器內發生最多。其它尚有建築
物內外之瓶類、空罐、水盤、墓地插花處,防空壕及避難
所內之積水等亦會發生。此外,遠離住屋之樹穴,竹林中
之竹筒及癈棄之輸胎等亦為主要發生場所。
• 二種斑蚊均為白天活動的種類,一般在上午九時及下午四
時各有一活動高峰。
症狀
• 初覺惡寒,身體疲勞倦怠,體溫急劇上升至3941℃。發熱時,前頭劇痛,眼睛充血,膝部及其
它關節激痛,淋巴腫大,腰部及脊椎等處之筋肉
同時疼痛,二、三日後,熱度下降,過二、三日
而有第二次熱症出現。發病後二、三日同時有米
粒大小之斑疹出現於顏面、耳及頸部,然後漸漸
擴至手掌、足蹠、前胸等處。體溫下降後斑疹會
消失,發疹時,全身感到搔癢異常。
• 登革熱之病毒在人體之潛伏期約3-15天,一般則
為5-6天。
登革出血熱
(dengue hemorrhagic fever, DHF)
• 本病盛行於夏季,患病後之死亡率甚低,且能獲
得免痠。登革出血熱(dengue hemorrhagic fever,
DHF)則可造成嚴重之死亡率,尤以3-6歲之幼童。
DHF在菲律賓、泰國、越南、印尼、新加坡及印
度等地均曾流行。在泰國,1972年時有23,000病
例,1975年時有17,000病例,死亡率達7%。
• 登革出血熱,一般相信係同時或連續感染一種以上
之血清型病毒所引起之過敏反應之結果,目前,
僅知與埃及斑蚊之傳播有關。
登革熱流行病歷史(一)
• 1870年以來,台灣便有登革熱之記載,本地醫生常以
“PANSUA”(斑痧,意即發疹之熱病)稱之。
• 約在1902-1903年間,一度流行但範圍不大;1915-1916
年,此病復發流行,影響遍及全島,病例超過一百萬人;
1922-1927年間,此病一度流行於南部地區及澎湖群島;
1931-1932年,又有一次流行,亦以南部地區。1942年時,
由於菲律賓群島於該年三月及四月發生登革熱流行,正逢
日軍攻打巴丹半島(Bataan peninsula),因此,此病可能
在當時隨日軍蔓延,由高雄開始,七月下旬已蔓延至台北
州,尤以台北巿為甚;八月澎湖、台中州、新竹州、花蓮
港廳;九月下旬,台東廳等處。當時日本總督府將九月廿
八日至十月四日訂為「登革熱強調週間」,全島一起實施
防治措施,透過大規模之衛生教育宣導,演講、標語及電
影之宣傳。
登革熱流行病歷史(二)
• 光復後,雖然沒有明顯之流行跡象,但是
根據Clarke於1966年在台南以血清法調查
結果,推測該地區在五年之前可能曾有小
規模之流行。民國70年7月時,屏東縣琉球
鄉開始出現登革熱病例,自七月上旬開始
病例增加,至八月底與九月上旬達最高峰。
登革熱流行病歷史(三)
• 民國七十六年十月底,登革熱再度由屏東東港、
高雄市陸續發生,且有向北蔓延之趨勢,在經過
約四十年之沈寂,登革熱仍然再度臨降本省。七
十七年確定病例達4389人,爾後幾乎年年有病例
發生。八十四年,台中東海大學及台北縣中和市
同時發生本土性登革熱流行,也證明了白線斑蚊
也是重要病媒。八十五年台北市六張黎亦發生局
部流行,自此,全台灣均籠罩在登革熱之陰影下。
東海大學的登革熱
• 一九九五年九月,東海大學忽然發生登革熱。第
一個病例是生物系林俊義老師,此後陸續有幾位
老師、眷屬及學生均有類似症狀,亦一一採送衛
生署預防醫學研究所檢驗。總計確定病例共十名,
均為第二型病毒。其中教師四人(男、女各二,中、
外各二),眷屬二人(均女性),學生二人(男、女各
一)及校外人士二人(均曾在校園工作)。這些病例
中,學生一人住女生宿舍,另一人住別墅區,其
餘東海校園內之病例均在教職員宿舍區,且約在
範圍500公尺內,證明有地緣關係。亦與白線斑
蚊在戶外活動之特性相符。此與南部地區許多全
家一起感染之情形不同,蓋南部之病媒埃及斑蚊,
主要棲息於室內之故也。
• 傳染登革熱之病媒白線斑蚊,在本校為常見之蚊
種,主要於白天活動,其幼蟲孳生於人工容器,
此外,某些天然的孳生源如:樹洞、竹筒等亦可孳
生。這些孳生源在東海校園,特別是教職員宿舍
區最為常見。此蚊白日活動吸血,夜晚則通常停
於樹叢棲息。每日活動高峰期為上五9-10時,下
午4-5時,但並非絕對。日落後往往不活動,因此,
補蚊燈對其並無功效。
• 卵浸水後,幼蟲孵化,約一週即可成蚊。若遇乾
旱,蟲卵亦可耐乾燥六個月以上。
• 環保、衛生單位,上自中央大員,下至基
層人員均到東海視察關心,各式媒體記者
或報導,或專欄,甚至中廣及全國廣播亦
有「叩應」節目捧場。
• 本次之登革熱流行有幾個特別意義:一、台
中市首次流行;二、首次發現新的第二型
病毒;三、與台北中和同時證明白線斑蚊
亦可傳播登革熱;四、流行範圍最小,流
行期間最短。
• 斑蚊幼蟲分佈之調查,以縣市為單位,每月作定期調查,
另外,國際港區、機場則需由衛生署各檢疫所加強辦理。
幼蟲之調查,以下述計算方法估計其分佈密度。
l. 家屋指數(House Index,HI):指調查之家屋內或附近,
至少有一容器內有斑蚊幼蟲者之家屋數佔全調 查之百分
率。
2. 容器指數(Container Index,CI ):指內有斑蚊幼蟲孳生
之容器數與全部調查容器總數之百分比。
3. 布氏指數(Breteau Index,BI):指每100間住屋所含有
幼蟲孳生之容器總數。
4. 幼蟲密度區分(Density figure):據WHO之標準,以前
述三種指數,區分為九個等級, 以判斷幼蟲之密度。二
以下才較安全。
Three Lines of Defense
• Barriers at body surfaces
• Nonspecific responses
• Immune responses
Barriers at Body Surface
• Intact skin and mucous membranes
• Lysozyme分解酶
• Normal bacterial flora
• Flushing effect and low pH of urine
Nonspecific Responses
• Lymph nodes trap and kill
pathogens
• Natural killer cells attack a
range of targets
• Inflammation發炎
Acute Inflammation發炎反應
• Nonspecific response to foreign invasion,
tissue damage, or both
• Destroys invaders, removes debris, and
prepares area for healing
• Characterized by redness紅, swelling腫,
warmth熱, and pain痛
Inflammation
•
•
•
•
Mast cells release histamine
Capillaries dilate and leak
Complement proteins attack bacteria
White cells attack invaders and clean up
Features of Immune System
• Immunological specificity(專一性)
– B and T cells zero in (瞄準)on certain
kinds of pathogens; response is pathogen
specific
• Immunological memory(記憶性)
– Immune system recognizes and reacts
swiftly to a pathogen it has “seen”
Key Component of
Immune Response
•
•
•
•
MHC markers(分子標記)
Antigen-presenting cells
Helper T cells(幫助型T細胞)
Effector cytoxic T cells(細胞
殺手)
• Natural killer cells(自然殺手)
• B cells
Overview of Interactions
Antibody mediated
response
Cell - mediated
response
Antigenpresenting
cell
Naive B cell
Naive helper
T cell
Naive
cytotoxic
T cell
Effector
B cell
Activated
helper T
cell
Effector
cytotoxic T
cell
Immunological Memory
• Memory cells
specific for an
antigen are quickly
activated to divide
upon subsequent
exposure to that
antigen
naive T or B cell
effector cells
effector cells
memory cells
memory cells
Antibody-Mediated Response
抗體免疫反應
• Carried out by B cells
• Targets are intracellular pathogens and
toxins
• Antibodies bind to target and mark it for
destruction by phagocytes吞食 and
complement補體
Antibody Structure
• Antibody consists
of four polypeptide
chains
• Certain parts of
each chain are
variable; impart
antigen specificity
variable region
of heavy chain
antigen-binding site
variable
region of
light chain
constant
region of
light chain
antigen-binding site
hinge
region
(flexible)
Antibody- Mediated Response
• Virgin B cell becomes
antigen-presenting B
cell
• Helper T cell binds to
antigen-MHC complex
on the B cell
• Interleukins stimulate B
cell division and
differentiation
• Effector cells secrete
antibodies
Naive
B cell
Antigenpresenting
B cell
Helper
T cell
Interleukins
Effector B cell
secretes
antibodies
Memory B cell
5 Classes of Immunoglobulins
• IgM are secreted first; trigger
complement reactions, agglutination
• IgD function is not understood
• IgG activates complement; can cross
placenta
• IgA associates with mucus-coated
surfaces
• IgE triggers inflammation
Cell-Mediated
Response
細胞媒介
One
macrophage
Another
macrophage
• Carried out by T cells
• Stimulated by antigenpresenting
macrophages
• Main target is antigenpresenting body cells
(cells with intracellular
pathogens) or tumor
cells
interleukins
Cytotoxic
T cell
interleukins
Helper T
cell
Infected
body cell
B and T Cell
Interactions
Types of T Cells
• Helper T (TH) cells release cytokines to
stimulate B cells to make antibodies and
present antigens
• Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) kill cells by poking
holes in membrane or triggering cell
suicide (apoptosis)
疾病名稱
統計數字
紅斑性狼瘡
22
B型肝炎
20
糖尿病
17
帕金森氏症
16
唐氏症(喜憨兒)
12
地中海行貧血
11
蜂窩性組織炎
10
愛滋病
7
氣喘
7
腸胃炎
6
帶狀泡疹
5
腎結石
5
老人癡呆症
5
骨癌
5
類風濕關節炎
5
心臟病
5
鼻竇炎
5
Dr. Carlo Urbani
• Doctors Without
Borders working in
Hanoi, Vietnam
• The first people alters
WHO about the
dangers of the SARS
(severe acute
respiratory syndrome;
atypical pneumonia)
epidemic
• 10% mortality
The SARS coronavirus
Primary and Secondary
Immune Responses
Vaccines
• Antigen that stimulates B cells to make
memory cells, but doesn’t actually make
us ill
– Heat-killed polio virus脊髓灰質炎病毒 has
coat proteins to stimulate B cells
– Attenuated viruses are weakened, don’t make
us sick, but stimulate B cells
Monoclonal Antibodies
單株抗體
• Manufactured antibodies against tumorspecific antigens
• First created by fusing antigenproducing B cells from mice with cells
from B cell tumors
• Now made in genetically engineered
cells
Allergies
• IgE antibodies stimulate mast cells to release
histamine when they recognize antigen
• Triggers
inflammatory
response
Autoimmune Disorders
1. Immune system makes
antibodies against self
antigens
2. Grave’s disease 甲狀腺素過
多
•
Myasthenia gravis 肌肉無力
•
Rheumatoid arthritis 類風濕
性關節炎
AIDS
• Combination of disorders that follows
infection with HIV
• Includes
– Yeast (Candida) infections
– Pneumocystis pneumonia
– Karposi’s sarcoma
HIV Replication (1)
• RNA retrovirus
• A protein (gp120) at virus surface binds
to host cells with CD4 receptors
• These receptors occur on helper T cells
• Once bound, RNA and viral enzymes
enter the host cell
HIV Replication (2)
• Viral RNA is reverse transcribed to DNA
• HIV DNA is called provirus; it inserts into
host DNA
• The host cell makes copies of viral DNA
and viral proteins that assemble to form
new virus particles
• The loss of helper T cells
– Results from infection by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Figure 43.22
1µm
T Cell Decline
• Release of new viral particles kills the
host T cell
• The body is constantly making new T
cells, but cannot outpace the rate of
destruction
• As infection proceeds, T cell numbers
inevitably decline
Effect of T Cell Decline
• CD4 helper T cells play a vital role in
immune function
• They are required for both cell-mediated
and antibody-mediated immunity
• Infected individual becomes vulnerable to
other infections, which eventually result in
death
Helper T-cell concentration in blood (cells/mm3)
Initial infection
Few symptoms
Obvious decrease in
immune function,
AIDS:
characteristic
Loss of
diseases such as
cellular
yeast infections
immunity
Antibody concentration
HIV virus
concentration
T-cell concentration
Years after infection
Transmission of HIV
• HIV does not live long outside human
body
• Most often spread by exchange of bodily
fluids with an infected person
• In the U.S., anal intercourse and needle
sharing are main modes of transmission
Transmission of HIV
• Less commonly transmitted by vaginal
intercourse and oral sex
• Can travel from mothers to offspring
during pregnancy, birth, or breast-feeding
• Not known to be transmitted by food, air,
water, casual contact, or insect bites
Treatment
• No cure
• Once HIV genes are incorporated, no way
to get them out
• AZT, and other drugs slow the course of
the disease and increase life span
• Researchers continue to develop drugs
and to work toward an AIDS vaccine