Transcript Ch8 Motivation Emotion

motion
otivation
directly observable?
inference >>> key is…
behavior!!
• four component process
physiological arousal
cognitive interpretation
subjective feelings
 behavioral expression
experience factor
mood?
What Do Our Emotions
Do For Us?
evolved to help respond…
1- important situations
2- convey intentions
• survival value & shaped (nature)
 emotional responsiveness [varies]
nurture influences!
Functions…
move to action
guide decisions (EQ)
• basic feelings expressed same way (recognized)
interpret from = ??
universals…
experiment --- similar response
(species)
• innate =
how proven??
cultural differences…
context & intensity of displays
• social expectations & consequences
shaping = appropriate or not
**display rulesinfluences…
more emotional sex
Where Do Our Emotions
Come From?
2 distinct brain pathways
{emotional arousal}
 biological structures
-biological mechanisms @ work include:
•
•
•
•
•
limbic system
reticular formation
cerebral cortex
autonomic nervous system
hormones
Theories of Emotion
Fear
stimulus
emotion
physiological & behavior
Theories of Emotion
Fear
stimulus
physiological & behavior
facial feedback hypothesis
emotion
Theories of Emotion
simultaneously ---arousal & emotion
Fear
stimulus
Theories of Emotion
physiologically & interpret arousal (specific emotion)
“Scary dog”
Fear
How Much Control Over
Our Emotions?
we can learn to
control them
those consciously regulated
• ability: understand & control e-responses
–true measure of intel?
brain development
E.Q. --- limbic system
I.Q. --- neocortex
“Marshmallow Test”
• nurtured!!
• exercise self-control**
 bad morning!
• metamood- recognize feelings
 benefits
of anxiety…
 hardest controlled?
 strongest?
• traits: self-confidence (assessment) & self-deprecating
• controlling or redirecting
–impulses / anxiety / anger
shift arousal >>> active / inactive
 regulate >>> enhance living
• traits: reliability
• persistence & optimism
Seligman’s Met-Life Test
• traits: desire to achieve / commitment
–survival skill & buffer
 unconscious
>>> prevents mistakes
SS…
1) handling others’ emotions
2) smooth interaction
3) manage relationships
• predicting success (smart) = “character”
– emotions control behavior
 “I
was so angry…”
• no avg score >>> each separate
(emotions)
 research --- I.Q. = only 20%
• lie detector or ??
• used?? analysts??
measures…
sympathetic ns
• ?ing…non-emotional >> emotional >> case-specific
microexpressions-
Control ?: Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone?
Relevant ?: Did [deceased] threaten to harm you in any way?
Relevant > Control = Lie
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate
Control
question
Relevant
question
(a)
Control
question
Relevant
question
(b)
• association w/ aggression & violence
• evolutionary protection…
– short-cut response
• stages: 1st lust / desire {passionate}
2nd romantic
{intimacy}
temporary & highly emotional condition
infatuation & sexual desire
3rd attachment {commitment}
• factors:
similarityproximityattractiveness-
• successful relationships based on…
 expression of love / displays affection
admiration
friendship basis
commitment to relationship
all encompassing interest
offering emotional support
Passion
Intimacy
Commitment
What Makes Us Act as We Do?
Motivation - many forms
• involve mental processes
 select & direct behaviors
start / directing / maintaining
Useful in Circumstances…
• observable behavior >>> internal states
• accounts for behavior variability
• explains perseverance despite adversity
• relates biology >>> behavior
• drive =
- compliments increase “I”
E-improve or decrease performance
{overjustification}
• physiological state
– survival needs- automatic --- protect & stabilize
drive reduces**
pleasure drive --- overlooked
Biology of Mo
• “internal thermostats”
• homeostasisaggression
• optimal stimulation
– activity motivates  pleasure drive
 high & low levels = discomfort
 level varies --- person / time / place
• sensation seekers– M. Zuckerman
 need variety / complex / unique sensory experience
 skydiving / studying aboard
• animals- novel environmental stimulation
– Harlow (‘53) monkeys
hypothalamus
• rational choice
– expectations
1) attaining goal
2) value (*exercise*)
competency theory-
• locus of control-
• ALL need…
- approval / competent / achievement
Needs
• Physiological:
– most powerful
• property
• Safety:
– physical & emotional
• seeking affection or
• Love & Belonging:
amusement
– absence stifling
• strive for excellence
• Self-Esteem:
– respect
**
•
cultural influence-
*achievement
*affiliation
value / morals
(need to excel)
(social bonds)
*autonomy
(independence)
*nurturance
(nourish/protect)
(U.S. --- competition)
*dominance (influence/control)
*exhibition (make an impression)
*order (orderliness/organization)
*play (fun/amusement/relaxation)
– curiosity
less familiar / more complex = curious
 innate v. learned
• motivated…
• Thematic Apperception Test
- projective test: “coded” themes --- project needs
scoring --- relevance to needs
accurate
Henry Murray 16 basic needs --- achievement
• don’t force high achievement…
…interesting?
...artistically sensitive?
…value relationships?
• Matina Horner…
motive to avoid success
career types (gender appropriate)
bright women =
• attempted to confirm theory
- define success?
- no attempt = fear?
fear of success --- gender issue?
emotion
Approach-approachApproach-avoidanceAvoidance-avoidanceMultiple approach-avoidance-
Hunger
• eat b/c…
– glucostatic theory {glucose}
– hormonal regulation
– digestive regulation
hypothalamus

lateral (“go”) & ventromedial (“stop”)
temperature / set-point
other factors [normal --- internal cues]
Obesity - external cues
How & Why Do We
Experience Stress?
*human stress response to
perceived threat activates
thoughts, feelings, behaviors, &
physiological arousal
*normally promote adaptation &
survival
Stress and Stressors
Stress –
physical & mental response to a challenging or
threatening situation
Stressor –
a stressful stimulus, a condition demanding
adaptation
A Model of Stress
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Catastrophe
Cohen & Ahearn: stages of natural disasters
•
•
•
•
•
Psychic numbness
Automatic action
Communal effort
Letdown
Recovery
PTS(D)
The Physical Stress Response
Acute stress –
temporary pattern of arousal caused by a
stressor w/ a clear onset and offset
Chronic stress –
continuous state of stressful arousal
persisting over time
Personality & Stress
Type A –
intense, angry, competitive, or perfectionistic
responses to challenging situations
Type B –
unstressed approach to life
Psychological Responses to
Stress
Learned helplessness –
pattern of not responding to harmful stimuli
after an organism learns that its behavior
has no effect
• motivation = basic physiological needs
– deprived = tense & agitated
needs drive action
(random)
successful behavior = habit
Universal Emotions
JamesLange
theory
Cannonbard
theory
Twofactor
theory
Stimulus
snake
Stimulus
snake
Physiological arousal
trembling
increased heart rate
Emotion
fear
Physiological arousal
trembling
increased heart rate
Emotion
fear
Physiological arousal
trembling
increased heart rate
Stimulus
Cognitive interpretation
“I feel afraid!”
Emotion
fear
Emotion:
More Than a Feeling
A feeling state involving a pattern of
facial and bodily changes, cognitive
appraisals, and beliefs.
Physiological
Changes (in
body and
facial
muscles)
Emotion
Cultural Influences
(shape experience
and expression of
emotion)
Cognitive Processes (interpreting
the emotional situation)
Theories of Emotion
“thalamus” simultaneously sends messages to cortex
Fear
stimulus
Arousal, Performance, & Inverted
“U”
Inverted “U” function –
relationship b/w arousal & performance;
low & high levels = lower performance
High
Performance
Low
Low
Arousal Level
High
Arousal, Performance, and the
Inverted “U”
Not all need same arousal
Sensation seekers –
biological need for higher levels of
stimulation than do other people
[Opposite: slacker types, slugs, etc.]
Psychological Theories of
Emotion
Cognitive appraisal theory –
Theory that individuals decide on an
appropriate emotion following the event
Opponent-process theory –
Theory that emotions have pairs; when
one is triggered the other is suppressed
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Motivation: What Makes Us
Act as We Do?
Motivation –
All processes involved in starting,
directing, and maintaining physical and
psychological activities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
How Are Achievement,
Hunger, and Sex Alike?
Different?
No single theory accounts
for all forms of motivation,
because each motive
involves its own mix of
biological, mental,
behavioral, and
social/cultural influences
A Cross-Cultural Perspective on
Achievement
Individualism –
View that places a high value on individual
achievement and distinction
Collectivism –
View that values group loyalty and pride
over individual distinction
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Thirst and Pain
Volumetric thirst –
A drop in extracellular fluid levels
Osmotic thirst –
A drop in intracellular fluid levels
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Scientific Study of Sexuality
Kinsey interviewed 17,000 Americans
concerning their sexual behavior
Masters and Johnson
Sexual response cycle –
Four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau,
orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men
and women
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Phases of Human Sexual
Response
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Sexual Motivation
Virtually any stimulus that becomes
associated with genital touch and orgasm
can become a conditioned stimulus that
motivates sexual activity
Sexual scripts –
Socially learned ways of responding in
sexual situations
Both learning and genetics affect our
sexual behaviors
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Origins of Sexual
Orientation
Sexual orientation –
One’s erotic attraction toward members of
the same sex, the opposite sex, or both
sexes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Traumatic Stressors
Traumatic stressor –
a situation that threatens one’s physical
safety, arousing feelings of feel, horror, or
helplessness
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Posttraumatic Stress
Posttraumatic stress disorder –
delayed stress reaction in which an
individual involuntarily re-experiences
emotional, cognitive, and behavioral
aspects of past trauma
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Physical Stress Response
Fight-or-flight response –
A sequence of internal processes that prepares the
organism for struggle or escape
Tend-and-befriend model –
stress response model proposing that females are
biologically predisposed to respond to stress by nurturing
and protecting offspring and seeking social support
General adaptation syndrome (GAS) –
A pattern of general physical responses that takes
essentially the same form in responding to any serious
chronic stressor
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The General Adaptation
Syndrome
Alarm
reaction
Resistance
– the body
– the body seems to adapt
mobilizes it’s
to the
resources to
presence of
cope with a
the stressor
stressor
Level of
normal resistance
Alarm Reaction
Exhaustion
– the body
depletes it’s
resources
Successful Resistance
Illness/death
Resistance
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Exhaustion
Stress & Immune System
Immune system –
bodily organs and responses that protect the body from
foreign substances and threats
Psychoneuroimmunology –
Multidisciplinary field that studies the influence of mental
states on the immune system
Cytokines –
Hormone-like chemicals facilitating communication between
brain and immune system
Psychological Responses to
Stress
Resilience –
Capacity to adapt, achieve well-being, and
cope with stress, in spite of serious threats
to development
Motivating Yourself
Flow –
an intense focus on an activity, accompanied by increased creativity
and near-ecstatic feelings
Involves intrinsic motivation
Seligman’s Motivation
• You forget your spouse’s (boyfriend’s/girlfriend’s) birthday.
A- I’m not good at remembering birthdays
B- I was preoccupied with other things
• You lose your temper with a friend.
A- He or she is always nagging me
B- He or she was in a hostile mood
• You fall down a great deal while skiing.
A- Skiing is difficult
B- The trails were icy
• You gain weight over the holidays, & you can’t lose it.
James-Lange
Theory of Emotion
 Experience of emotion is awareness of
physiological responses to emotionarousing stimuli
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
Cannon-Bard
Theory of Emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
 Emotion-arousing
stimuli simultaneously
trigger:
 physiological
responses
 subjective experience
of emotion
Schachter’s Two-Factor
Theory of Emotion
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
 To experience
emotion one
Fear
(emotion)
must:
 be physically
aroused
 cognitively
label the
arousal
2 Routes to Emotion
Positive
valence
Low
arousal
pleasant
relaxation
joy
sadness
fear
anger
2 Dimensions of Emotion
High
arousal
Negative
valence
Arousal & Performance
 peaks @ lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks
 peaks @ higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks
Emotion-Lie Detectors
 50 Innocents
 50 Theives
Percentage
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Innocent
people
Guilty
people
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph
 1/3 of innocent
declared guilty
 1/4 of guilty
declared
innocent (from
Kleinmuntz &
Szucko, 1984)
Expressed Emotion
 People more speedily detect an angry face
than a happy one (Ohman, 2001a)
Expressed Emotion
 Gender and expressiveness
16
Number
of
expressions
14
Women
Men
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Sad
Happy
Film Type
Scary
Experienced Emotion
 The
ingredients
of emotion
Experienced Emotion
 Infants’ naturally occurring emotions
Experienced Emotion
 Catharsis
 emotional release
 catharsis hypothesis
 “releasing” aggressive energy (through
action or fantasy) relieves aggressive
urges
 Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
 people’s tendency to be helpful when
already in a good mood
Experienced Emotion
 Subjective Well-Being
 self-perceived happiness or
satisfaction with life
 used along with measures of
objective well-being
physical and economic indicators
to evaluate people’s quality of life
Experienced Emotion
 Moods across the day
Experienced Emotion
 Changing materialism
Experienced Emotion
 Does money buy happiness?
Average
per-person
after-tax income
in 1995 dollars
$20,000
$19,000
$18,000
100%
$17,000
90%
$16,000
$15,000
80%
$14,000
70%
$13,000
Personal income
$12,000
60%
$11,000
50%
$10,000
Percentage very happy 40%
$9,000
30%
$8,000
$7,000
20%
$6,000
10%
$5,000
0%
$4,000
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Percentage
describing
themselves as
very happy
Experienced Emotion
 Values and life satisfaction
0.6
Importance
scores
0.4
Money
Love
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Life satisfaction
6.00
7.00
Experienced Emotion
 Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
 tendency to form judgments relative to a
“neutral” level
 brightness of lights
 volume of sound
 level of income
 defined by our prior experience
 Relative Deprivation
 perception that one is worse off relative to
those with whom one compares oneself
Happiness is...
Researchers Have Found That
Happy People Tend to
However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Related to Other Factors, Such as
Have high self-esteem
(in individualistic countries)
Age
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Gender (women are more often
depressed, but also more often joyful)
Have close friendships or a satisfying
marriage
Education levels
Have work and leisure that engage
their skills
Parenthood (having children or not)
Have a meaningful religious faith
Physical attractiveness
Sleep well and exercise
Cognition & Emotion
 brain’s shortcut for emotions